The development of measurement systems that align with the objectives Thesis Proposal

The development of measurement systems that align with the objectives of public sector organisations - Thesis Proposal Example On the other hand, Hamza (2008) mentioned that performance management process is used for enhancing the productivity of the firm and develop a better brand equity in the market. Combing both these definitions, it can be assessed that performance management processes are mainly used to organise the operational activities of a firm in order to develop a better brand reflection and a competitive advantage to the stakeholders. However, Abu-Musa (2007) stated that performance management processes are initiated in an organisation to help in achieving the business goals but often managing the work processes derails the performance management processes from its original objectives. This brings in the aspect of including the strategic management process in the performance management system of a company. Focusing on the public sector organisations, Issa-Salwe et al. (2010) mentioned that operational process of public sector organisations are mostly managed in a centralised manner which reduces the efficiency of the performance management system. One of the most common problems being faced by the public sector firms is that of resource utilisation and resource management. Braz, Scavarda and Martins (2011) argued that resource wastage is a frequent problem being faced by the public sector organisations. Again pointing out these specific problems may change the direction of the performance management system in context of assisting the business in achieving its objective. Thus the question remains is how to set up a performance management process that supports the organisational mission and objectives. Based on evaluations of the performance of different public sector organisations Issa-Salwe et al. (2010) stated that it has to be considered that there is not set framework for performan ce management and thus comparison among various public sector organisations may not always be valid. This sentiment has also been mentioned by Braz, Scavarda and

Assigning Evaluation and Management Essay Example for Free

Assigning Evaluation and Management Essay Individual Assigning Evaluation and Management (E/M) Codes 1. Initial consultation for a 78-year-old woman with unexplained weight loss, abdominal pain, and rectal bleeding. Comprehensive history and examination performed. 99205 This history and examination were comprehensive and dealt with several body systems, so 99205 is the better E/M code to use. 2. 30-year-old patient presents complaining of flu-like symptoms characterized by unremitting cough, sinus pain, and thick nasal discharge. Examination reveals bronchitis and sinus infection. Patient is prescribed a five-day course of Zithromax. 99202 The case does not distinguish whether the patient was a new or an established patient. Without this knowledge, I would use the code 99202. 3. Established patient on Lithium presents for routine blood work to monitor therapeutic levels and kidney function. Nurse reviews the results and advises the patient that tests are normal and no change in dosage is indicated. 99211 This patient is an existing patient with an established history, so 99211 is the proper E/M code to use. 4. 62-year-old diabetic female presents for check-up and dressing change of wound on left foot. Examination reveals that the wound is healing. Nurse applied new dressing and patient will return for check-up in one week. 99212 I have selected 99212 because the patient has diabetes and is there for a routine check-up and dressing change. Because the wound is healing and the patient will return for another check-up, 99212 is the best/M code. 5. A mother brings in her six-month-old male child for routine wellness check. Examination reveals the child to be in good health and making adequate progress. 99215 This is a routine wellness check, which is an extensive visit to ensure the baby is doing well and continues developing on schedule.

Essay --

During the Meiji Restoration, Japan transformed into a strong industrialized nation by adopting the Western political, cultural, and technological ideas. Japan was the â€Å"only non-Western country to industrialize in the nineteenth century and that, moreover, she did so in an extremely short time† (Sugiyama 1). Japan’s social, political, and economic aspects were all affected by the Western technologies to transform Japan into an industrialized nation (Wittner 1). By adopting the Western ideas during the Meiji Restoration, Japan has turned into a powerful industrialized nation by becoming an â€Å"international political player in the 1880s† (Wittner 1). Prior to the Meiji Restoration, the Western powers viewed Japan as the backward nation because â€Å"in terms of military strength and economic development, Japan was indeed far behind the Western nations† (Hane and Perez 84). The Meiji government feared that Western nations would colonize Japan because they had already done it to other Asian countries by using military forces (Hane and Perez 84). The Meiji government’s fear came out to be true when the Western powers imposed unequal commercial treaties on Japan. Because of these unequal treaties Japan was â€Å"deprived of the right to regulate tariffs, and Western residents in the treaty ports were granted the privilege of extraterritoriality† (Hane and Perez 84). However, these unequal treaties were significant to the Meiji Restoration because they became the foundation of Japan’s industrial revolution by providing Japan with the access not only to Western technologies but also to political, cultural, and social ideas (Hane and Perez 82). Moreover, the treaties were important to Japan’s economic future because they increased the Japan’s econom... ...Restoration was the telephone. Iwadare Kunihiko established Nihon Denki (Nippon Electric Co., also known as NEC) by teaming up with the Western Electric (WE) of the United States (Odagiri and Goto 161). Kunihiko and NEC adopted WE’s technology and communication equipment, which helped expand the production of telephones (Odagiri and Goto 162). The telephone production was important for Japan’s industrialization because communication became easier. Many people were able to keep in touch with their friends and families who live far away by simply calling them. The telephone was also important for business because it sped up the commercial transactions. As more people are using the telephone, more private owned telephone companies were operated to raise profits. The American telephone technology brought industrialization in Japan by increasing the telephone production.

Judaism - Role of Women :: essays research papers

Judaism – The Role of Women If there are differences among various different cultures, it’s the way they portray women. For example, the overall role of women in our society is mainly two different things – to clean the house, take care of the kids, and to be used as a ‘sex tool’. In other cultures, such as Judaism, women are viewed as more spiritual and intellectual. Today, I am going to define the way women are viewed in the Judaism culture as well as how it applies to the culture today.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  First of all, I’d like to say that the role of women in traditional Judaism has been vastly misunderstood. The modern man thinks that the Judaism culture belittles the women in their culture and are low on the chain of command; however, the role of women in halakhah, or Jewish law, whom dates back to the biblical period are in many ways better than the position of women who are under American civil law, as recent as a century ago. (Jewfaq.com) Most of the high powered feminist leaders of the twentieth century (such as Gloria Steinem) are Jewish women, and some commentators have reiterated that this is no coincidence: the respect accorded to women in Jewish tradition was also a part of their ethnic culture.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  In traditional Judaism, women are for the most part seen as separate, but at the same time are seen equally. Women’s obligations and duties are different from a mans, but it isn’t less important; in fact, there are some ways in which women’s responsibilities are considered more important than men’s.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The equality of men and women was first begun at the highest possible level, which was referred to as G-d. In Judaism, unlike Christian, G-d has never been viewed as exclusively as male or masculine. Judaism has always maintained that G-d has both masculine and feminine qualities. G-d has no body, no genitalia, therefore the idea that G-d is either male or female is completely wrong. G-d is referred to by using masculine terms simply for convenience’s sake, because Hebrew has no neutral gender; G-d is not is no more male than a table is. (Faith.org)   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  One more thing about G-d: both man and woman were created in the image of this level, G-d, but according to most Jewish scholars, â€Å"man† was created in Gen. 1:27 with both men and women genitalia, whom was later separated into male and female.

New Orleans: After the Storm

On the 29th of August, 2005, a Category 3 Hurricane swept across the state of Louisiana and dealt major damages to the City of New Orleans, a tragedy never to be forgotten by the American Nation. Though the hurricane never hit the city itself, through its huge rainfall content, it has caused levee breaches which had dealt the most damage as flood devastated the city, and was thus dubbed as the worst engineering disaster in the history of the United States (Kilpatrick & Dermisi, 2007). Lost of lives and property were dealt during the incident, as the crime rates hiked up due to the disorder caused by the hurricane, and images of criminals engaging grand theft auto were seen live on television, as buildings were burning or being wrecked by the flood.Critics continue to blame various groups, individuals and factors for the terrible incident which has scarred the people’s hearts and minds, and has terrorized and affected both individuals and their pets who were residents of the ci ty, still learning who to blame, and being tight in releasing funds for insurance claims, and learning whether the state should pay for the damages or not. Yet, whether damages were paid or remain unpaid, and whether individuals who should be blamed were blamed or left unquestioned, it must be realized that beyond restoring the finances of the people and giving due justice, healing the wounds of each and every resident of New Orleans who currently suffer from the emotional, and psychological baggage which burden each and every one of them must be realized and given due priority.Faulty Urban Planning. The development of cities and industries has caused the increase of population in areas near industrial zones in consideration to the convenience brought about by being near to the jobs present in the area. The continuing increase in the population and demand for cheap homes have been the critical factors in pursuing the building of homes in marshlands, swamps, reclamation areas, and ot her low ground areas by the Government led United States Army Corps of Engineers, in the City of New Orleans. After the construction of the Inner Harbor Navigation Canal in 1940, the state closed the commercial waterways which were used before for waterborne commerce, leading to the drastic lowering of the city’s water table.The US Army Corps of Volunteers then built a levee system around the area covering much of the city’s marshlands and swamps, without consideration to the possible subsidence brought about by the compression of underlying soils. These brought about land subsidence of up to 8 feet or 2 meters in some areas which were reclaimed by the US government. A recent study of the Tulane University notes that 49% of New Orleans is below sea level, with the majority of the population on the higher ground. However, the mean elevation of the city has become between 1 and 2 feet below the sea level, with some parts as high as 16 feet and some parts as deep as 10 fe et. The city is also bordered by the Mississippi River and Lake Pontchartrain, and is marbled with canals and bayous (Galle, 2007) which maybe considered geologically hazardous.Moving on. Two years after the incident, the residents of New Orleans are still trying to cope up with the emotions, and the losses which they have incurred during Hurricane Katrina. For some individuals, moving on might be a very easy thing to do, especially if they have some other place to move on to. Yet for some, the typhoon was just the beginning, especially if they’re homes have been washed out or burned by some thug or all their assets and even their pets are gone. A year after the typhoon businesses in the high ground started to bloom again, as most of the restaurants are open, the Convention Center began to have bookings, and almost all of the premium office space in the business district is occupied, and the Port of New Orleans is nearly back to normal.Tourists have also started to come back, and almost half of New Orleans’ pre-Katrina population is back mostly crowded into the high ground along the river (Ydstie, 2006). For some individuals, the damage dealt by Hurricane Katrina was something that has made them further down, as insurance companies refused to pay some victims due to some loopholes within the insurance policies such as the wind vis-à  -vis flood, and the flood vis-à  -vis hurricane policies. Some insurance companies claim that individuals could not be compensated for their wrecked homes if their insurance policy says that their houses are insured for hurricane since it was the flooding that has caused the house to be destroyed, a heartless argument that gives no consideration to the logic that there would be no flood if there was no hurricane at all. Worse are the insurance companies who argue that wind was the cause for the houses’ roofs to come off and the flooding did not cause it, thus they would only pay partially for the damages.The se defenses and loopholes of insurance companies made things worst for Katrina Victims, and should be condemned. While most of the individuals suffer from more stressful damages brought about by such insurance companies, what should be stressed for them is the fact that, the first rule of insurance policy construction is that ambiguous policy language is interpreted against the drafter (â€Å"contra proferentem†) which in most cases are the insurance companies, and also that, insurance agents, must also then be sued for their negligence towards their jobs of making such loophole-full policies (Abraham, 2007). Also individuals who lost their houses are troubled by some policies such as the high ground policy which forces them to make their houses higher, individuals who have problems with stairs such as those suffering from arthritis are troubled by this.Pets after Katrina. During the Hurricane, the residents of New Orleans initially saving their lives left their pets behind. Cats and dogs of different breeds and species were lost, and were forced to roam a world which was unknown to them, while being thirsty and unfed, and while some residents were trying to find back their pets some individuals were arrogant about them such as the cop who threw out a dog named snowball out of a bus (â€Å"Snowball! Snowball!†, 2005). A year after the incident, organizations such as the North Shore Animal League of America, helped retrieved pets of New Orleans’ residents. Initiatives to house some of the pets which no one claimed, however there has been a lack of credible population to adopt such pets.Lessons learned. Some individuals say that the impact Hurricane Katrina has dealt is comparable to the impact of the Oakland Firestorm which hit Oakland California in 1991, which then, was a large urban fire which occurred in the northern Oakland, California, and which has killed 25 people and injured 150 others. While some issues of Hurricane Katrina are com parable, such as the amount of damage dealt, and the fact that most of the victims of the Oakland Firestorm were somewhat unaware of their insurance policies just like the victims of Katrina, the issues of complacency and uncompetitive planning are the factors which make the circumstances of the two incidents different. While the damages dealt by Hurricane Katrina were due to the lack of mitigation, and the lack of competitive advantage in terms of planning, the damages brought about by the fire in Oakland California were mainly due to the complacency of the residents and the local municipality in terms of controlling the fire.Reflections. While it holds true that acts of God could never be controlled by man, it must always be taken into consideration, that God has given us our brains for us to analyze and think about what we can do just in case. In the case of Hurricane Katrina, the damage could have been avoided if there were only enough mitigation done, such as holding studies ab out the geography and the soil composition of the area, and taking a close monitor over the movements of the soil and the water levels, and making detailed and well thought off engineering measures to prevent such incident from happening again. It must also be taken into account that there have been not enough measures to provide emotional support for the victims of the typhoon, and such emotional stress and tension must be given consideration and priority by the government and other support groups.ReferencesAbraham, K.S. 2007. In Brief : The Hurricane Katrina Insurance Claims. Virginia LawReview, 93, 157-164.Bach, A., & Miller, C., 2003. Lessons Shared from Oakland-Berkely Hills. Retrieved September14, 2007, from http://www.hillsemergencyforum.org/docs/Media-LessonShared.pdfGalle, J. 2007. Special Reports : Vulnerable Cities. Retrieved September 15, 2007 fromhttp://www.weather.com/newscenter/specialreports/hurricanes/vulnerablecities/neworleans.htmlKilpatrick, J.A., & Dermisi, S. 2 007. The Aftermath of Katrina: Recommendationsfor Real Estate Research. Journal of Real Estate Literature.Snowball! Snowball! The Little Dog Who Broke A Nation's Heart! Hurricane Katrina'sLittlest Victim. 2005. Muttshack Animal Rescue Foundation, posted Sept. 6 2005. Retrieved, September 14, 2007 from, http://www.muttshack.org/2005/09/snowball-snowball-little-dog-who-broke.html Ydstie, J. 2006. Katrina Victims Still Struggle to Find Way Home. Retrieved September14, 2007 from http://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=5720114

Ufos Essays (1596 words) - Unidentified Flying Objects, Free Essays

Ufo's Essays (1596 words) - Unidentified Flying Objects, Free Essays Ufo's We once believed that Earth is the only planet in the Universe that supports life. Today there is overwhelming evidence that not only suggests, but supports the very real possibility that we may share the Universe with other intelligent beings. I. Things in the Sky A. The First Documented Sighting B. The Fever Spreads 1. Pilot Encounters 2. The Lights in the Sky II. Dents in the Earth III. Unexplained Phenomenon A. The Writing on the Wall B. Geodes IV. What About Religion? A. The Christian Bible B. The Ancient Greeks C. The American Indian V. Conclusion We are not Alone. On June 24th, 1947 while searching for the remains of a downed Marine C-46 transport, lost somewhere in the Mount Ranier area, a young Idahoan businessman named Kenneth Arnold spotted something that would change his life forever. Just north of his position flying at an altitude of 9,500 feet and an unprecedented airspeed of 1,700 mph he spotted nine circular aircraft flying in formation. According to his estimate the aircraft were approximately the size of a DC-4 airliner ( Jackson 4). This account was the first sighting to ever receive a great deal of media attention. This sighting gave birth to the phrase flying Saucer coined by a reporter named Bill Begrette. Although not the first UFO sighting in history, Kenneth Arnolds account is considered to be the first documented UFO sighting. The following day Mr. Arnold discovered that in addition to his sighting there were several others in the Mount Ranier area that same day (Jackson 6). When most of think of UFO sightings we picture an unemployed, half- crazed, alcoholic hick living in a trailer park in the middle small town USA. Often times this description, although a little exaggerated, seems to fit fairly well. In the past when the average person spotted a UFO they were quickly discounted as a kook or con-artist in search of either attention or monetary reward. It wasn't until more reputable figures in our society began to come forward that w e that we started looking at this issue a little more seriously. An article written 1957, entitled Strange lights over Grenada written by Aime' Michel describes just such an account: At 10:35 p.m. on September the 4th, 1957 Cpt Ferreira ordered his wing to abandon a planned exercise and execute a 50 degree turn to port. Ferreira was attempting to get a closer look at what he described as brilliant, pulsating light hanging low over the horizon. When the turn was completed he noticed that the object had turned too. It was still directly over his left. There was absolutely no doubt that the orange light was shadowing the F-84s. For another 10 minutes, it followed the jets without changing direction or appearance. The pilots watched as four small yellow discs broke away from the large red object and took up a formation on either side of it. All at once the large luminous disc shot vertically upward while the smaller discs shot straight towards the F-84s. In an instant the flat disc sped overhead in a hazy blur and vanished. When Cpt Ferriera was questioned by Portuguese Air Force Investigators he was quoted as sayingPlease don't come out with the old explanation that we were being chased by the planet Venus, weather balloons, or freak atmospheric conditions. What we saw up there was real and intelligently controlled. And it scared the hell out of us. (32) This is only one of literally hundreds of pilot accounts that have been documented and cross verified by other sources. To date the Portuguese Government has taken no official position as to what the luminous discs were. The United States has had more than it's fair share of unexplained aerial objects. In February of 1960 the N.A.A.D.S. (North American Air Defense System) spotted a satellite of unknown origin orbiting the Earth. They knew that it sn't a Soviet satellite because it was orbiting perpendicular to trajectory produced by a Soviet launch. It also had a mass estimated at 15 metric tons, no evidence of b ooster rockets and traveled at speed three times faster than any known satellite. The satellite orbited for two weeks and disappeared

Blog3 Essays - Economy, E-commerce, Business, Online Music Stores

Blog3 Essays - Economy, E-commerce, Business, Online Music Stores Blog3 The company I choose is Amazon.com Inc., which is an electronic commerce company in America like Alibaba Inc. in china. It is largest Internet retailer in America by selling DVD, furniture, food electronics and so on. The software of amazon most part is sale forecast, predict a customer what and when will order an item by analysis the data from the customer looking for, then pre-shipping to the storage and packed order until customer's order arrives. It can deliver goods to customer quickly. This system is called anticipatory shipping. Not only this system help Amazon create profit in market, amazon also acquire Kiva System in 2012, which is a kind of robot company focus on improving efficient on storage. There is a central computer controlling all robots, make each robot scan the code set on floor and using code to track the goods position. Then, robot will carry the goods to any operator. So Amazon's automated warehouse is reducing time of walking and finding for goods. It make ama zon's warehouse more flexible and create higher profit by saving cost.

Use a Dash for Number Ranges

Use a Dash for Number Ranges Use a Dash for Number Ranges Use a Dash for Number Ranges By Mark Nichol Which symbol should be used with numbers: a hyphen (-), or an en dash (–)? The question may seem trivial a dash is a dash, right? but using the correct symbol aids comprehension, just as commas and semicolons signal distinct grammatical structures, and no one will argue that those two punctuation marks can be used interchangeably. Hyphens are used to separate groups of numbers, such as in telephone numbers or numbers of financial accounts. But for almost all other cases, the correct punctuation mark is an en dash, which indicates a range or a difference. A span of years (such as â€Å"2009–2012†) or any other time range includes an en dash. (And note that â€Å"from 2009–2012† and â€Å"between 2009–2012† are incorrect; either use both from and to, or between and and, or neither.) The same treatment is given to a sequence of components, such as a range of chapter or page numbers or amounts (for example, â€Å"chapters 1–10† or â€Å"250–300 pages†). A range of monetary amounts and any other amounts is also represented this way, as in â€Å"Salary range: $75,000–$80,000.† (Note that when expressing a range with very large numbers, to avoid confusion, the first number should not be abbreviated; for example, â€Å"$75–$80,000† means â€Å"from $75 to $80,000,† not â€Å"from $75,000 to $80,000.†) Two contexts that cause confusion about which dash to use are scores and votes. These are not, technically, ranges, because nothing exists between them, as in the case of â€Å"2009–2012,† in which that time span includes 2010 and 2011 as well, and of â€Å"chapters 1–10,† which also includes every page between 1 and 10. But The Chicago Manual of Style, reasoning that the symbol between the numbers represents a difference between two values (and that the symbol is pronounced to), has elected to use en dashes for both types of representation. Therefore, use an en dash to indicate scores for sports or other competitions (for example, â€Å"Her team won 6–3† or â€Å"They came back from behind to chalk up a 97–92 victory†). Note, however, that when a score does not immediately follow a verb or precede a noun, as in the examples above, it should be set off from the rest of the sentence by one or two commas: â€Å"East prevailed over West, 97–92†; â€Å"East prevailed over West, 97–92, for the league championship.† Win-loss records should also be formatted with an en dash: â€Å"The team went on to earn an 8–4 record.† Votes are treated the same way: â€Å"The city council approved the project with a 5–2 vote.† Many newspapers and websites follow the style recommended by the Associated Press Stylebook, which is to simply use a hyphen in place of an en dash. That preference presumably dates from the lead-type era, when compositors didn’t want to be bothered about trying to distinguish a – from a on a piece of metal the size of a watermelon seed. Last time I noticed, however, producing an en dash was a simpler task. Dare to dash. Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Style category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:75 Contronyms (Words with Contradictory Meanings)Loan, Lend, Loaned, Lent10 Writing Exercises to Tighten Your Writing

Facebook Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words - 1

Facebook - Research Paper Example ing Facebook scored a grade point lower with their weekly period of study ranging between 1 and 5 hours as compared to 11 to 15 hours by the non-users of Facebook (23). This paper looks at the arguments by these researchers, analysing the implications of networking sites on learning and compares them to counterarguments by various researchers. Indeed, Facebook does not make us dumb but rather imparts important learning skills that prevent dumbness among its users. The evaluation of the effects of social media on learning which determine dumbness in an individual has been cited by Ahn (1436) as a complex undertaking. According to this researcher, the media effects paradigm provides appropriate explanation to the dynamics involved in influencing learning. This postulates that any media or technological form would have causal relationship on some outcome, though it remains elusive to conclude on a direct causal relationship existing between technology and social outcome like learning. But the media effect paradigm has helped researchers conclude that a media tool in itself would not influence learning but rather, the learning behaviours associated with the software used or the educational program (Ractham, Kaewkitipong and Firpo 173). According to Ahn (1437), it is the features of a technology and not a technology in itself that that constrains or propagates the usage of the tool. Furthermore, behavioural practices and cultural norms influence one’s usage of technology. This offers insights in studies seeking to determine the effects of social media. This social informatics perspective implies that the social platform media would not cause outcomes like learning; the cultural and communication behaviours exhibited by its users would. Therefore, it would be important to consider the user populations involved in these social communities, the features of the social media sites and behaviours that could be likely associated with the social outcomes (Rouis, Limayem and

Turnover intentions Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 7250 words

Turnover intentions - Essay Example Retention and productivity levels of the existing workforce are an essential concern in human resource management. Employee turnover is one of the most studied aspects in organisational psychology (Mitra, Jenkins, & Gupta, 1992) and is of interest to other professionals, including personnel researchers, behavioural scientists, and management practitioners (Mobley, Griffeth, Hand, and Meglino, 1979). Employees may exit an organisation either voluntarily or involuntarily. For the purpose of this research, the criteria variable 'turnover intention' is defined as an individual's inclination to leave an organisation voluntarily (Dougherty, Bluedorn & Keon, 1985; Kiyak, Namazi & Kahana, 1997; Mobley, 1977; Stedham & Mitchell, 1996). Employees leave for a variety of reasons, some leave to escape negative work environments, some to enhance their career goals and some to pursue more attractive opportunities (Roseman, 1981). Involuntary turnover is usually employer initiated, where the organisation believes the employee does not match its requirement. Involuntary turnover can also include death; mandatory retirements and ill health which can be a part of the voluntary separation In literature, turnover intention has been identified as the immediate precursor for turnover behaviour (Mobley, Horner & Hollingsworth, 1978; Tett & Meyer, 1993). It has been recognised that the identification of variables associated with turnover intentions is considered an effective strategy in reducing actual turnover levels (Maertz & Campion, 1998). Consequences of Employee Turnover An employee's exit from an organisation is a direct cost, in the form of having to select, recruit, and train a new employee (Dalton, Todor, & Krackhardt 1982; Staw, 1980, Hall 1981). The exit also has indirect cost implications that include reduced morale, pressure on the remaining staff, costs of learning, and the loss of social capital (Des & Shaw, 2001). This assumption was popular in the research literature in the late 20th century (e.g. Herman 1997; White, 1995). One of the main consequences for organisations that have a high turnover is the financial cost. The total costs of employee turnover are hard to measure, in particular, the effects on the organisations' culture, employee morale, and social capital or loss of organisational memory (Des & Shaw 2001). The focus has been on the tangible costs associated with turnover in the areas of selection, recruitment, induction and training of new staff, learning costs and the cost of being short-staffed (Cascio, 1987; Cheng & Brown 1 998). The cost of losing a high performer who has a high degree of responsibility, or an employee who is employed in an area where there is a labour market shortage, can be substantial. Dalton & Rador (1986) have estimated the cost of turnover to an organisation has been on average one to one and a half times the employee's salary. Indeed, Clark-Rayner and Harcourt (2001) estimate the costs of external recruitment of personnel at a New Zealand bank to be NZ$4,500 for non-management cadre employees and NZ$12,500 for management cadre employees. In addition, turnover can have a negative impact on other employees by disrupting cohesiveness and increasing internal mobility, which can lead to triggering additional turnover (North, Rasmussen, Hughes, and Finlayson 2005). Turnover of employees may in itself triggers additional turnov

Assessing organizational culture Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Assessing organizational culture - Case Study Example ike communication in general, organizational communication represents a more complex phenomenon as it entails the integration of two unique concepts, â€Å"organization† and â€Å"communication†. In light of this, it is prudent for scholars to understand aspects relating to both concepts separately, and in turn find the intersection points of the two. Initially, individual’s conceptualization of organization communication centred on production of messages; however, this has now changed with research showing the importance of developing literacy within this domain. Literacy has and continues to broaden people’s perspectives with regard to organization communication, as they begin to appreciate the variety of ways they can approach, examine and understand communication (Cheney et al., 2010). Champoux (1996) identifies six key functions of organization communication, which include information sharing, emotion, feedback, persuasion, innovation and integration to coordinate various functions. Through effective channels of communication at the workplace, different parties are able to share information, which facilitates planning and the execution of tasks with the sole aim of achieving both individual and organizational goals. In addition, effective communication channels serve as a tool for parties to communicate their e motions; for example, top management can these channels to communicate their displeasure/ dissatisfaction with employees’ performance. They also serve as a feedback tool whereby, recipients are able to respond to the senders’ messages; therefore, give their input on specific matters. Finally, effective communication channels permit the integration of various functions within the organization. Departmentalization exists even in organizations with the simplest organization structure. As such, effective channels of communication enable the coordination of functions, which are specific to each department. Cheney et al. (2010) argue that literacy in

Business Communication Personal Statement Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Business Communication - Personal Statement Example During my working hours I always try to avoid a flashy set-up with little gist or track record. Moreover, I have a good service record all along. I completed every task within deadline. For extra work to improve my knowledge, I aimed to visit different offices of my company. I always search best strategies for raising productivity of my organization. So in this search I discovered that how to manage my good position in organization. I have gone through company's manuals and in my opinion by getting raise position in my job can be helpful to fulfil my future planning. Every person has certain problems and issues in life. It is not significant of how gigantic magnitude these problems are; but the thing counts and matters is the capability to overcome these and resolve in a positive and satisfactory way. I always focused on my daily life and its other mundane aspects. This bid will enable me to explore more aspects of my being and the issues attached with it, known and hitherto unknown. The reason I am looking raise at my job is for the sole reason that I am dedicated to my work and tasks. Moreover, there is a lack of employees whom are dedicated to their work. As a practitioner such issues might well come up in my job. If I am awarded a raise at my job then I can be prepared to help other employees in my chosen area of practice.

The Usage of Made In for the Segmented Products Essay

The Usage of Made In for the Segmented Products - Essay Example The command of the market has been linked to the efficiency of the product and the considered aspect of the economy. Such allows for the consideration of advanced technology and improvement in the economics of the cost towards the address of the rivals under practice. The superiority among the rivals allows for the conceptualization of the eventual ability they extend in the considered domination, as well as in the out-positioning of inferior products. The stationing of different arms of production under geographical distinctions allows for the reflection of the challenge they stand to offer with respect to the perspective concept of state recognition. Apparently, goods desire to be recognized alongside the state of origin. However, the inclusion of different states or countries in the process of production only assists in the complication of the entire acknowledgment process. Such allows for the reflection of the immediate challenges that may be related to the shipping of products with a source complication (Scheve, 2002). Various approaches have been considered to be associated with the eventual process of development and allocation of the â€Å"made in† tag. Allowing a state to consider a product to be manufactured in its territory allows for the improvement in its global perception of technology. However, the producing authority may not have had a comprehensive manner upon which the process of filing of the respective descriptions of rights and protocols are advised. Instead, there exists a line of acknowledgment with respect to the role plaid by the involved country (Tanzi, 2002)

Business Communication Personal Statement Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Business Communication - Personal Statement Example During my working hours I always try to avoid a flashy set-up with little gist or track record. Moreover, I have a good service record all along. I completed every task within deadline. For extra work to improve my knowledge, I aimed to visit different offices of my company. I always search best strategies for raising productivity of my organization. So in this search I discovered that how to manage my good position in organization. I have gone through company's manuals and in my opinion by getting raise position in my job can be helpful to fulfil my future planning. Every person has certain problems and issues in life. It is not significant of how gigantic magnitude these problems are; but the thing counts and matters is the capability to overcome these and resolve in a positive and satisfactory way. I always focused on my daily life and its other mundane aspects. This bid will enable me to explore more aspects of my being and the issues attached with it, known and hitherto unknown. The reason I am looking raise at my job is for the sole reason that I am dedicated to my work and tasks. Moreover, there is a lack of employees whom are dedicated to their work. As a practitioner such issues might well come up in my job. If I am awarded a raise at my job then I can be prepared to help other employees in my chosen area of practice.

The Impact of Global Economic Crisis on the organizations in oil Essay

The Impact of Global Economic Crisis on the organizations in oil producing countries - Essay Example The economies in Middle East, which were then among the fastest growing in the world; primarily driven by the soaring crude oil prices, were first considered immune, but by 2009 it began affecting the region including Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC) States. Most of the economies including UAE, Qatar, Bahrain, and Kuwait suffered significantly, due to the steep decline in their housing markets, which formed the crux of economic development in these countries. Saudi Arabia Economy: Saudi Arabia, which is the largest economy in the region, too suffered dearly due to its heavy dependent on crude oil, whose prices had retreated at record pace in 2009 (Berkmen et al., 2009). The impact of economic crisis was felt by the firms not only because of the dependence on oil, but also, as a result of numerous government controls over the main economic activities in the economy. The country has at least 25% market share of the world’s petroleum reserves, is regarded as the largest petroleum exporter in the world and plays a very crucial in OPEC deliberations and decision makings. The petroleum sector takes up to at least 55% of the GDP, 90% of export earnings and 45% of all budget revenue. 40% of this GDP is from the private sector. At least, 5.2 million workers play a vital role in the Economy of Saudi and especially in the service and oil sector. In order to reduce the dependence on oil, the government of Saudi Arabia had been encouraging the private sectors to increase the employment opportunities for the fast growing population. It has also begun to allow the participation of foreign investors and private sectors in the Telecom and power generation sectors of the economy. It was expected that the move will motivate other countries in the region to also embrace the concept in their economies. Strategies to diversify the economy and attract foreign investment into the country were given a boost when the government succeeded in joining the WTO in 2005, after many years of negotiation. This success and the high revenues from the oil, then further enabled it to build a very large budget surplus and easily facilitated expenditures on education, infrastructural development, increase government salaries, and make investments in job trainings and other timely and critical developmental projects. This no doubt lay the foundation for the economy to develop in a balanced way, as foreign companies were able to earn significant prof its, and in the process transfer hundreds of job skills to local employees, even as the country continue to earn billions of dollars from the sale of oil. The purpose of this proposed research consequently, is to critically examine the impact of global economic crisis on the financial performance and financial position of Saudi Basic Industries Corporation (SABIC), which is the largest listed company in Middle East region. This will entail the strategies used to obtain the results that the financial ratios and other statistical and analytical tools generated, during the study. The financial

Einstein- Rosen Essay Example for Free

Einstein- Rosen Essay According to physicists worm holes which are also referred to as bridge of Einstein- Rosen are space time topological features that primarily create shortcut through time and space. A wormhole has a minimum of two mouths linked together by a single throat. Matter travels from mouth to mouth through the connecting throat. Wormholes that are intra universe links locations universe, by simply bending the space time and by allowing travel between different locations of the universe at a faster rate than light could take in order to cover the same distance through the normal space (McElwee, Para 2). Wormhole theory has been proven through the use of radio waves which are capable of detecting the wormholes. The white hole theory helps to explain the wormhole theory. The white hole is opposite of the black hole, whereas the black hole eats matter up the white hole splits it up. The wormhole acts like a tunnel that connects the black hole to the white hole. Since the existence of black holes and white holes is proven by use of radio waves to detect them, then the wormholes also exists to link them through a tunnel (Sexton, Para 4). The wormholes are also commonly referred to as Schwarzschild wormholes; they are bridges which are merely theoretical between space areas that are speculated to be in between the white holes and the black holes linking two universes. They only exists in equations especially those of Einstein. According to the equations the wormholes are found to be very unstable and would in fact fall instantly, the moment they are created. Other speculation also exists explaining that quasars are in fact white holes and not black holes which are super massive (McElwee, Para 5). It is not possible for the wormholes to exist since it is in fact impossible for a traveler to pass through the wormholes since it is not possible to pass a horizon in single direction. If non exotic matter form the traveler, then the moment they reach at the middle of the wormhole then it is impossible to leave through the other side and again it is not possible to leave using the entry route since the entry side must have been a black hole, this therefore, means that nothing can manage to escape once it has entered into the radius of the Schwarzschild. Thus the wormholes do not exist and are only a fiction feature and they can only be proven by theories with no practical to prove their existence (Sexton, Para 5). Black holes are basically deformation of the continuum of space time that appears once there is an explosion of a star in the scale of supernova with its remains becoming the black holes and neutron of stars. The gravitational force pulling the black holes is very powerful and cannot even be withstood by thousands of sun’s masses. The white holes on the other hand are opposite to the black holes. Their work is to split matter into smaller pieces instead of eating as it is the case for the black holes (McElwee, Para 7). Theoretically the white holes are reverse to the black holes; their being is implied by a solution of square root which is taken to be negative of the metric to the Schwarzschild. This metric is basically based on the time symmetry of general relativity. This implies that the best definitions of white holes which can be taken to be technical are primarily black holes running in the reverse direction. This is location of space time which is not possible to reach instead of failing to escape (Kruglinski, Para 6). Conclusion The wormholes, black and white holes can only be explained theoretically even though it is possible to detect them by use of radio waves. Their existence therefore, remains theoretical as it is not supported by substantial practical evidence. But this cannot be taken to mean that they do not exist since more research work is being carried out and may be their existence might soon be revealed practically. Work cited: Kruglinski, Susan; Discover Interview the Man Who Imagined Wormholes and Schooled Hawking (2007): Retrieved on 3rd June 2009 from, http://discovermagazine. com/2007/nov/the-man-who-imagined-wormholes-and-schooled-hawking/article_view? b_start:int=2-C=. McElwee, Jim; Do wormholes exist? (2005): Retrieved on 3rd June 2009 from, http://www. unexplainable. net/artman/publish/article_2145. shtml. Sexton, Timothy; Do Wormholes Really Exist? (2009): Retrieved on 3rd June 2009 from, http://www. associatedcontent. com/article/1453128/do_wormholes_really_exist. html.

History of Border Patrol in the US

History of Border Patrol in the US Introduction Turn on the television today and one of the stories popular in the media is President Trump’s border wall which is aimed at curbing crimes. One of the crimes in question is illegal immigration primarily along the southern border.   To members of Congress, Mexico presents a threat to the United States. Although, in a broad sense, this can be perceived as unfair, or even unjust; however, from a perspective of breaking U.S. immigration laws, there is a justifiable reason for the perception.   Every year the U.S. Customs and Border Patrol (CBP) apprehends millions of individuals who enter the United States illegally. Of those â€Å"apprehensions 90% were made along the United States–Mexico border† (Guerette, & Clarke, 2005, p 161).   The Southern Border has been the focus of political debate for years. Since the early 90’s, border enforcement along the border has increased dramatically in terms of manpower, and budget. The amount of money spent on border patrol has the annual budget of the U.S. Customs and Border Patrol has increased from â€Å"$363 million to more than $3.8 billion† (The Cost, 2007, p. 1).   Ã‚  Operating with over sixty thousand employees, Customs and Border Patrol has the important task of securing the homeland by enforcing laws and depriving access of weapons and terrorists access to the U.S.   Impressively the agency can accomplish this mission without disrupting international travel and trade (About, 2018).   The following paper focuses on a brief history of Customs and Border Patrol and their role in diverting illegal immigration, and methods used to keep America safe. A Brief History Even though it was the early 1900’s, the United States still had an influx of immigration.   Men apart of the U.S. Immigration Service defended the border to deter unlawful border passing. This was not a permanent mission as patrols were only conducted when man power and assets were available (Border, 2017). Understanding something needed to be done to keep track of these individuals, Congress passed the 1907 Immigration Act.   This law required all immigrants and non-citizens to enter the United States at designated ports of entry. The law tightened down border measures by making it mandatory each person had to be inspected and receive authorization by a border inspector that they are clear to enter (Hernandez, 2010, p 1).   However, the very foundation of the Customs and Border Patrol began in the late 1700’s when Congress introduced several acts aimed at applying Tariffs.   The agency was authorized by the President to enforce health and quarantine laws in 17 96. In 1798, authorization was given to deport foreigners who were deemed dangerous. In 1819, all ships arriving into the United States were required to be inspected by customs officials called collector of customs. Immigration was rapidly evolving and customs services had to keep up.   In 1853, the U.S. Customs and Border Patrol to patrol by riding horses along the borders; primarily locating individuals who were trying to dodge custom collections or come into the country illegally.   With Congress increasing the number of tariffs it was evident that more people were required to enforce the laws (Timeline, 2018). Congress was passing new immigration laws at an increasing rate and needed them enforced at the border.   Spanning just a few decades, laws were passed to ban â€Å"lunatics, idiots, convicts, those liable to public charges† (Hernandez, 2010, p 36). A few years later, Congress deemed epileptics, anarchists, and women who were prostitutes were not to be admitte d into the United States. In 1917, Congress had banned all people of Asian descent from entering the United States. In In 1924, Congress decided with it was time to tighten the border security and created the U.S. Customs and Border Patrol. The agency was tasked with administering migration laws by averting unsanctioned boundary exploitations by patrolling designated regional limits. They were given law enforcement powers with the ability to detect and arrest people who were deemed to be illegal (Hernandez, 2010, p 2). The outfit was later renamed Bureau of Customs and held that name to the early 1970’s. It was then renamed Bureau of Customs and Border Patrol (1789, 2013).     Today their mission is much the same. They are responsible for securing the boundaries of the nation and upholding laws dealing with citizens and immigrants entering the United States. The mission of U.S. Customs and Border Patrols is never-ending.   Role in Immigration   When people think of immigration they tend to automatically think of illegal immigration. The Border Patrol plays a key role in both legal and illegal immigration.  Ã‚   To individuals who have not encountered, nor have experience with the U.S. immigration process, this can be daunting and confusing.   Foreign individuals can enter the U.S. for either short-term or long-term periods depending on visa status.   Border Patrol plays a crucial role in screening and determining if these foreign individuals may enter the U.S.   Each year there are over 200 million entries under the visa waiver program alone. Border Patrol must accomplish their mission of immigration screening without deterring tourism and future investors.   Border Patrol in 2017 alone, processed over four hundred million travellers’ through U.S. ports of entry. This equated to over two hundred million people by land; a hundred million by air; and eighteen million by sea. Interestingly, even if a visa has been issued to the individual, it is ultimately Border Patrols decision on whether to admit the individual.   In an average year, 8 million people with visas come to the United States; however, Border Patrol rejects around 2 million of these individuals (Aiden, 2012, p 111). Even with all these rejections, illegal immigration is a continuous and growing problem today that has been going on for years. The late 80’s was the time period in the United States that saw a vast increase in illegal immigration from Mexico, primarily fueled by an economic crisis that halted the growth of the economy and reduced the number of jobs available in their homeland.   (Alden, 2012, p. 110). Illegal immigration was so serious that apprehensions rose from â€Å"1 million annually in the 80’s to over 2 million at the end of the 90s† (Alden, 2012, p. 110). Initially the problem was just viewed as annoying; however, that perception quickly evolved into concern on the basis of security. States such as California were concerned with the increase in illegal immigrants and reached out to Congress for assistance.   This led states such as California, Arizona, and Texas to engage in an escalation of the force of armed personnel along the southern border (Alden, 2012, p. 110).  Ã‚   Of all the immigrants coming to the United States, over four hundred thousand individuals were caugh t trying to enter the country illegally outside the official port of entry (Immigration, 2015, p1).   Ã‚  These people who do not come in the official ports of entry give Border Patrol a run for their money. Border Patrol has a much harder job to perform as individuals who are not tracked slip under the radar.  Ã‚   According to Ngai (2010), â€Å"it is now estimated that over 12 million people in the United States, over a third of the foreign-born population, is not in legal immigration status† (pg. 93).  Ã‚   The United States has never been more proactive under the current administration in dealing with the problem with illegal immigration.   In 2017, over 700,000 Mexicans were deported from the U.S. This number is enormous and for good reason, as â€Å"one hundred thousand removals is the worldwide total† (Ngai, 2010, p 98).   Congress have prioritized this issue and increased Border Patrols budget immensely.   The spending alone has tripled from 2003-2006 with an annual budget of just under 4 billion dollars.   Honestly, the agency needs every cent as they are tasked with enforcing immigration laws and patrolling over 700 miles along the southern border. With the extra funding, drones have been utilized with infra-red and heat technologies.   The number of CBP agents has also tripled to a congressionally mandated 21, 500; the number of ports of entries increased by thousands, and the number of ICE agents has tripled since 2016 (Cost, 2017, p 2).   Ã‚  Unfortunately, even with all this attention to the southern border, it is not enough to deter immigration. On an average day, there is over 3 deaths along the border as a result of attempting to enter the U.S. illegally (The cost, 2017, p 1). Furthermore, congress has become more proactive in deportation and removal of illegal immigrants. So much that funding for the Customs Enforcement agency increased by eighty percent. With the increase in funding, more agents were added to the mission with â€Å"the number of apprehensions more than doubled and the number of interior removals increased by three-fold† (Amudeo and Lopez, 2017, p120). The increase in captures is identified as an increase in information sharing between apprehension and deportation of unauthorized immigrants which has since been a standard in every jurisdiction. One may ask why are so many people from Mexico attempting to risk everything and come to the United States? The answer is follow the money.   The wages in the United States are over four times high on average than those in Mexico.   Over the years, Border Patrol has changed immensely. As immigration laws change, they must adjust and enforce the new laws. As new Presidents come into office they also must accommodate their beliefs.   The modernization of immigration enforcement has smart borders at the ports of entry in Canada and Mexico. Computers make life easier to include immigration enforcement. President Trump has a border wall on the table with Congress allocating over 2. 5 billion for border security to include construction of a physical wall which is seen as the most extreme version of an enforcement strategy to â€Å"to reduce illegal immigration in the United States† (Aiden, 2017, p 483).   Today the Border Patrol has close to sixty thousand agents along the southern border. With the recent approval by President Trump to deploy the National Guard to defend the southern border, the security of the nation is increased.   Deterrence has also played a valuable part in border security to thwart illegal immigration. With the U.S. ending the era of ‘catch and release’ it lets knows people who are considering committing the act that their actions can result in jail time and felony prosecutions. One argument however with the change in protocols and the multibillion-dollar wall is whether they will work, or if it’s even worth it. When the President approved the Consolidated Appropriation Act, construction of approximately 100 miles of new border were began. Even with the high-tech wall, its effectiveness is still challenged. Statistics have shown that Mexico â€Å"ceased to be the route of choice for those seeking to enter the United States and remain illegally. Increasingly, the easiest path into the country has been to arrive on a legal visa and then simply remain after the period of admission has expired.† (Aiden, 2017, p 487).   The main perpetrators of illegal immigration are in fact visa overstayers.   Employment in the United States of ille gal immigrants has been a sensitive issue with the citizens of this country. Big penalties exist for citizens who do not verify the eligibility of their workers. Congress has mandated the use of the networked database called E-Verify. Anyone who wants to work in the United States needs to have a background check and be entered in the E-Verify work authorization system by employers. This program confirms eligibility within minutes. Border Patrol after 9/11 On the morning of September, the 11th 2001, the U.S. Customs and Border Patrol functions were put to the ultimate test. In the midst of chaos, the organization stepped up with other federal agencies to secure the nation. Operation Safe Passage was formed requiring an increase in Customs officers at all important ports of entry. This was a daunting time. Agents were working over 18 hours a day. Seven days a week to inspect flights and cargo from ships coming into the United States.   Within days, things intensified with President Bush and Congress creating the Homeland Security office as well as the Homeland Security Act which required provided Border Patrol with more power to enforce customs, immigration and agricultural laws. The changes entailed seizing contraband, greater powers in determining admissibility, apprehending illegal immigrants, and â€Å"protecting our agricultural interests from pests and diseases and collecting duties and fees† (Remembering, 2017).   The Customs and Border Patrol is a multi-facet organization that constantly is on the lookout for child exploitation, goods and drugs smuggling, and the detection and prevention of terrorism. With any one of the millions of visitors coming to the United States each day, it seems like a relentless never-ending task.   Luckily for the citizens of the nation, Border Patrol is equipped with the manpower, technology and undying patriotism of defending the nation and constitution of the United States. Just months after the heinous terror attack, Border Patrol implemented the Container Security Initiative Program which focused on determining the safety of containers from foreign ports before they reached the United States. This was accomplished by sending Agents to host countries and working closely with foreign governments.   This program proved to be so successful that it now is operating at over 80 ports in multiple countries (CSI, 2014).   Ã‚  The Customs and Border Patrol has many hurdles to overcome. They have the unique job of staying vigilant while at the same time, appear welcoming. Challenges   Perhaps one of the biggest hurdles Customs and Border Patrol encounters is enforcing immigration laws, identifying threats and potential terrorists with minimal interruption to economic incentives. According to Stana (2003), â€Å"Achieving the balance between security and commercial needs is greatly affected by commercial and border and immigration control Workload† (p 1).   On any given day Border Patrol must select and examine any shipment deemed high risk; however, at the same time must clear the cargo in an efficient and timely manner. Time is money and when that money equates to trillions of dollars per year, Customs and Border Patrol has a very serious task indeed.  Ã‚   The continuous stress knowing that if they missed one weapon of mass destruction or let one individual who was able to perform grave damage is a realism the agents must face.   The Agents must be aware that their actions can disturb potential investors coming to the United States and affect tourism. They must be able to perform their vital task without disrupting the smooth influx of positive reinforcement to the nations delicate economy.  Ã‚   Arguably Trumps’ Border wall imposes such a restriction. If it is not done correctly, â€Å"it could result in a small investment in terror into massive disruption of daily life that has a clear and adverse effect on the U.S. and overall global economy† (Flynn, 2004). To offset some of these problems, Border Patrol partners with other agencies and private sector entities with the purpose of fortifying international supply chains. The increased trust between agencies also adds to the information sharing and reporting with PCII protections in place for the private sector.   With increased trust, comes increased reward and is the foundation of the Customs-Trade Partnership Against Terrorism (CTPAT) network. As discussed earlier, increased security and detection can slow down the economy. The CTPAT works on trust and strict provisions. Border Patrol enters an agreement with partners of the supply chain ultimately exposing security gaps and allowing for the implementation of corrections.   This program is essential as it significantly reduces the number of Customs and Border Patrol examinations, shortens the waiting times at the port of entry, and a plethora of rewards as being a trusted partner of the Customs and Border Patrol.  Ã‚   With over twenty thousand partners, this program has been an enormous success aiding in the U.S. economy at the same time as keeping the nation safe (CPAT, 2018). Before this program cargo was inspected upon arrival. With the creation of the Department of Homeland Security, Customs and Border Patrol is the lead agency to protect the nation from threats that may come into the ports.   Programs such as the ones mentioned positively affect the economy by streamlining processes.   By being more efficient helps bolster economic needs of the nation; however, there are other ways they help the economy. The U.S. Customs and Border Patrol are constantly on alert for people and goods smuggling. Smuggled goods enter the U.S. with no duties paid which allows for criminals to sell them at a much cheaper price. This lack of regulation leads to the loss of revenue to the government as no tax is paid. Legitimate business struggle to compete with knock off which ultimately leads to job loss.   Items such as medications which have not been FDA approved can be harmful to the population as their ingredients cannot be guaranteed. Smuggling is such a serious problem. In 2014, over 80 % of the 80,000 firearms seized in Mexico were from the United States. Furthermore, billions of dollars are smuggled across the border into Mexico which can depreciate the currency. U.S. Customs and Border Patrol are America’s front line on tackling this issue. Modernization   With the implementation of networks between agencies, and information sharing abilities, the U.S. Border security has become ‘smarter’.   Biometric technology which is comprised of retina and finger print scanners are being utilized at all ports of entry which confirms if an individual is legally allowed to enter the United States, and if they are a known threat.   With such technology in place, combined with increased border agents and drone technology; this all is an effort to divert anyone thinking of committing illegal immigration. Technology such as facial recognition is being introduced in pilot programs to test their effectiveness at ports of entry and even in moving vehicles. Kiosks assigned with passport scanning abilities are being implanted in some airports. When entering the port of entry into the United States, it is not uncommon to see individuals utilizing their smart phones with their electronic passport application opened.   U.S. Customs and Border Patrol also use an application themselves to detect illegal activity and improve the safety of officers (Powerful, 2018).    Conclusion   It can not be overstated the importance of the role the U.S. Customs and Border Patrol plays in the physical and economical safety of the nation. The agency has come along way from its horse patrolling days with only a few men; however, its mission has stayed the same- to protect the United States. When ever Congress deemed it necessary to create a new law, the Customs and Border Patrol were there to implement and regulate them.   The threats in the world do not remain static, the agency knows this and adjusts accordingly. Modernization of techniques and technology have allowed the Customs and Border Patrol to stay vigilant and streamlined.   In 2018 alone, over 32, 000lbs of cocaine has been seized, 290,000lbs of marijuana, 360 gang members apprehended, and 289,000 people have been turned around at the border (CBP, 2018).   Considering that it is only 4 months into 2018, the agency has worked extremely hard this year alone.   As long as America is a prosperous nation it will be targeted by people who are in less fortunate situations. This reason alone is why it is doubtful illegal immigration will cease. The same logic can be applied to smuggling. People will always try to exploit the system. Fortunately for the law-abiding citizens of the country, the U.S. Customs and Border Patrol is there step up to the plate and protect the borders. References About CBP | U.S. Customs and Border Protection. (2018). Cbp.gov. Retrieved 13 April 2018, from https://www.cbp.gov/about Alden, E. (2012). Immigration And Border Control. Cato Journal, 32(1), 107-124. Retrieved from https://search-proquest-com.ezproxy1.apus.edu/docview/921128623?accountid=8289 Amuedo-Dorantes, C., & Lopez, M. J. (2017). The Hidden Educational Costs of Intensified   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Immigration Enforcement. Southern Economic Journal, 84(1), 120-154. doi:10.1002/soej.1220 Border Patrol History | U.S. Customs and Border Protection. (2018). Cbp.gov. Retrieved 14 April 2018, from https://www.cbp.gov/border-security/along-us-borders/history CBP Enforcement Statistics FY2018 | U.S. Customs and Border Protection. (2018). Cbp.gov.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Retrieved 14 April 2018, from https://www.cbp.gov/newsroom/stats/cbp-enforcement-statistics CSI: Container Security Initiative | U.S. Customs and Border Protection. (2014). Cbp.gov.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Retrieved 14 April 2018, from https://www.cbp.gov/border-security/ports-entry/cargo-security/csi/csi-brief CTPAT: Customs Trade Partnership Against Terrorism | U.S. Customs and Border Protection. (2018). Cbp.gov. Retrieved 14 April 2018, from https://www.cbp.gov/border-security/ports-entry/cargo-security/ctpat Flynn. Stephen. E (2004). Rethinking the Role of the U.S. Mexican Border in the Post-9/11 World. (2018). Council on Foreign Relations. Retrieved 13 April 2018, from https://www.cfr.org/report/rethinking-role-us-mexican-border-post-911-world Guerette, R. T., & Clarke, R. V. (2005). Border enforcement, organized crime, and deaths of   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   smuggled migrants on the united states Mexico border. European Journal on Criminal Policy and Research, 11(2), 159-174. doi: http://dx.doi.org.ezproxy1.apus.edu/10.1007/s10609-005-6716-z Hernandez, K. L. (2010). Migra: a history of the u. s. border patrol. Retrieved from   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   https://ebookcentral-proquest-com.ezproxy1.apus.edu Immigration Enforcement Along U.S. Borders and at Ports of Entry: Federal, State, and Local Efforts. (2015). Pewtrusts.org. Retrieved 13 April 2018, from http://www.pewtrusts.org/en/research-and-analysis/issue-briefs/2015/02/immigration-enforcement-along-us-borders-and-at-ports-of-entry Ngai, M.   (2010). The civil rights origins of illegal immigration. International Labor and Working Class History, 78(1), 93-99. doi:http://dx.doi.org.ezproxy2.apus.edu/10.1017/S0147547910000141 Powerful app speeds detection, heightens awareness | U.S. Customs and Border Protection. (2018). Cbp.gov. Retrieved 14 April 2018, from https://www.cbp.gov/newsroom/spotlights/powerful-app-speeds-detection-heightens-awareness Remembering Two 9/11s | U.S. Customs and Border Protection. (2018). Cbp.gov. Retrieved 13    April 2018, from https://www.cbp.gov/about/history/history-leads-to-the-present/remembering-two-911s Stana, Richard (2003). Homeland Security: Challenges Facing the Department of Homeland Gao.gov. Retrieved 13 April 2018, from https://www.gao.gov/products/GAO-03-902T The Cost of Immigration Enforcement and Border Security. (2017). American Immigration Council. Retrieved 13 April 2018, from https://www.americanimmigrationcouncil.org/research/the-cost-of-immigration-  Ã‚  Ã‚   enforcement-and-border-security Timeline | U.S. Customs and Border Protection. (2018). Cbp.gov. Retrieved 13 April 2018, from   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   https://www.cbp.gov/about/history/timeline 1789: First Congress Provides for Customs Administration (2013) Cbp.gov. Retrieved 13 April    2018, from https://www.cbp.gov/about/history/1789-first-congress-provides-customs-  administration History of Border Patrol in the US History of Border Patrol in the US Introduction Turn on the television today and one of the stories popular in the media is President Trump’s border wall which is aimed at curbing crimes. One of the crimes in question is illegal immigration primarily along the southern border.   To members of Congress, Mexico presents a threat to the United States. Although, in a broad sense, this can be perceived as unfair, or even unjust; however, from a perspective of breaking U.S. immigration laws, there is a justifiable reason for the perception.   Every year the U.S. Customs and Border Patrol (CBP) apprehends millions of individuals who enter the United States illegally. Of those â€Å"apprehensions 90% were made along the United States–Mexico border† (Guerette, & Clarke, 2005, p 161).   The Southern Border has been the focus of political debate for years. Since the early 90’s, border enforcement along the border has increased dramatically in terms of manpower, and budget. The amount of money spent on border patrol has the annual budget of the U.S. Customs and Border Patrol has increased from â€Å"$363 million to more than $3.8 billion† (The Cost, 2007, p. 1).   Ã‚  Operating with over sixty thousand employees, Customs and Border Patrol has the important task of securing the homeland by enforcing laws and depriving access of weapons and terrorists access to the U.S.   Impressively the agency can accomplish this mission without disrupting international travel and trade (About, 2018).   The following paper focuses on a brief history of Customs and Border Patrol and their role in diverting illegal immigration, and methods used to keep America safe. A Brief History Even though it was the early 1900’s, the United States still had an influx of immigration.   Men apart of the U.S. Immigration Service defended the border to deter unlawful border passing. This was not a permanent mission as patrols were only conducted when man power and assets were available (Border, 2017). Understanding something needed to be done to keep track of these individuals, Congress passed the 1907 Immigration Act.   This law required all immigrants and non-citizens to enter the United States at designated ports of entry. The law tightened down border measures by making it mandatory each person had to be inspected and receive authorization by a border inspector that they are clear to enter (Hernandez, 2010, p 1).   However, the very foundation of the Customs and Border Patrol began in the late 1700’s when Congress introduced several acts aimed at applying Tariffs.   The agency was authorized by the President to enforce health and quarantine laws in 17 96. In 1798, authorization was given to deport foreigners who were deemed dangerous. In 1819, all ships arriving into the United States were required to be inspected by customs officials called collector of customs. Immigration was rapidly evolving and customs services had to keep up.   In 1853, the U.S. Customs and Border Patrol to patrol by riding horses along the borders; primarily locating individuals who were trying to dodge custom collections or come into the country illegally.   With Congress increasing the number of tariffs it was evident that more people were required to enforce the laws (Timeline, 2018). Congress was passing new immigration laws at an increasing rate and needed them enforced at the border.   Spanning just a few decades, laws were passed to ban â€Å"lunatics, idiots, convicts, those liable to public charges† (Hernandez, 2010, p 36). A few years later, Congress deemed epileptics, anarchists, and women who were prostitutes were not to be admitte d into the United States. In 1917, Congress had banned all people of Asian descent from entering the United States. In In 1924, Congress decided with it was time to tighten the border security and created the U.S. Customs and Border Patrol. The agency was tasked with administering migration laws by averting unsanctioned boundary exploitations by patrolling designated regional limits. They were given law enforcement powers with the ability to detect and arrest people who were deemed to be illegal (Hernandez, 2010, p 2). The outfit was later renamed Bureau of Customs and held that name to the early 1970’s. It was then renamed Bureau of Customs and Border Patrol (1789, 2013).     Today their mission is much the same. They are responsible for securing the boundaries of the nation and upholding laws dealing with citizens and immigrants entering the United States. The mission of U.S. Customs and Border Patrols is never-ending.   Role in Immigration   When people think of immigration they tend to automatically think of illegal immigration. The Border Patrol plays a key role in both legal and illegal immigration.  Ã‚   To individuals who have not encountered, nor have experience with the U.S. immigration process, this can be daunting and confusing.   Foreign individuals can enter the U.S. for either short-term or long-term periods depending on visa status.   Border Patrol plays a crucial role in screening and determining if these foreign individuals may enter the U.S.   Each year there are over 200 million entries under the visa waiver program alone. Border Patrol must accomplish their mission of immigration screening without deterring tourism and future investors.   Border Patrol in 2017 alone, processed over four hundred million travellers’ through U.S. ports of entry. This equated to over two hundred million people by land; a hundred million by air; and eighteen million by sea. Interestingly, even if a visa has been issued to the individual, it is ultimately Border Patrols decision on whether to admit the individual.   In an average year, 8 million people with visas come to the United States; however, Border Patrol rejects around 2 million of these individuals (Aiden, 2012, p 111). Even with all these rejections, illegal immigration is a continuous and growing problem today that has been going on for years. The late 80’s was the time period in the United States that saw a vast increase in illegal immigration from Mexico, primarily fueled by an economic crisis that halted the growth of the economy and reduced the number of jobs available in their homeland.   (Alden, 2012, p. 110). Illegal immigration was so serious that apprehensions rose from â€Å"1 million annually in the 80’s to over 2 million at the end of the 90s† (Alden, 2012, p. 110). Initially the problem was just viewed as annoying; however, that perception quickly evolved into concern on the basis of security. States such as California were concerned with the increase in illegal immigrants and reached out to Congress for assistance.   This led states such as California, Arizona, and Texas to engage in an escalation of the force of armed personnel along the southern border (Alden, 2012, p. 110).  Ã‚   Of all the immigrants coming to the United States, over four hundred thousand individuals were caugh t trying to enter the country illegally outside the official port of entry (Immigration, 2015, p1).   Ã‚  These people who do not come in the official ports of entry give Border Patrol a run for their money. Border Patrol has a much harder job to perform as individuals who are not tracked slip under the radar.  Ã‚   According to Ngai (2010), â€Å"it is now estimated that over 12 million people in the United States, over a third of the foreign-born population, is not in legal immigration status† (pg. 93).  Ã‚   The United States has never been more proactive under the current administration in dealing with the problem with illegal immigration.   In 2017, over 700,000 Mexicans were deported from the U.S. This number is enormous and for good reason, as â€Å"one hundred thousand removals is the worldwide total† (Ngai, 2010, p 98).   Congress have prioritized this issue and increased Border Patrols budget immensely.   The spending alone has tripled from 2003-2006 with an annual budget of just under 4 billion dollars.   Honestly, the agency needs every cent as they are tasked with enforcing immigration laws and patrolling over 700 miles along the southern border. With the extra funding, drones have been utilized with infra-red and heat technologies.   The number of CBP agents has also tripled to a congressionally mandated 21, 500; the number of ports of entries increased by thousands, and the number of ICE agents has tripled since 2016 (Cost, 2017, p 2).   Ã‚  Unfortunately, even with all this attention to the southern border, it is not enough to deter immigration. On an average day, there is over 3 deaths along the border as a result of attempting to enter the U.S. illegally (The cost, 2017, p 1). Furthermore, congress has become more proactive in deportation and removal of illegal immigrants. So much that funding for the Customs Enforcement agency increased by eighty percent. With the increase in funding, more agents were added to the mission with â€Å"the number of apprehensions more than doubled and the number of interior removals increased by three-fold† (Amudeo and Lopez, 2017, p120). The increase in captures is identified as an increase in information sharing between apprehension and deportation of unauthorized immigrants which has since been a standard in every jurisdiction. One may ask why are so many people from Mexico attempting to risk everything and come to the United States? The answer is follow the money.   The wages in the United States are over four times high on average than those in Mexico.   Over the years, Border Patrol has changed immensely. As immigration laws change, they must adjust and enforce the new laws. As new Presidents come into office they also must accommodate their beliefs.   The modernization of immigration enforcement has smart borders at the ports of entry in Canada and Mexico. Computers make life easier to include immigration enforcement. President Trump has a border wall on the table with Congress allocating over 2. 5 billion for border security to include construction of a physical wall which is seen as the most extreme version of an enforcement strategy to â€Å"to reduce illegal immigration in the United States† (Aiden, 2017, p 483).   Today the Border Patrol has close to sixty thousand agents along the southern border. With the recent approval by President Trump to deploy the National Guard to defend the southern border, the security of the nation is increased.   Deterrence has also played a valuable part in border security to thwart illegal immigration. With the U.S. ending the era of ‘catch and release’ it lets knows people who are considering committing the act that their actions can result in jail time and felony prosecutions. One argument however with the change in protocols and the multibillion-dollar wall is whether they will work, or if it’s even worth it. When the President approved the Consolidated Appropriation Act, construction of approximately 100 miles of new border were began. Even with the high-tech wall, its effectiveness is still challenged. Statistics have shown that Mexico â€Å"ceased to be the route of choice for those seeking to enter the United States and remain illegally. Increasingly, the easiest path into the country has been to arrive on a legal visa and then simply remain after the period of admission has expired.† (Aiden, 2017, p 487).   The main perpetrators of illegal immigration are in fact visa overstayers.   Employment in the United States of ille gal immigrants has been a sensitive issue with the citizens of this country. Big penalties exist for citizens who do not verify the eligibility of their workers. Congress has mandated the use of the networked database called E-Verify. Anyone who wants to work in the United States needs to have a background check and be entered in the E-Verify work authorization system by employers. This program confirms eligibility within minutes. Border Patrol after 9/11 On the morning of September, the 11th 2001, the U.S. Customs and Border Patrol functions were put to the ultimate test. In the midst of chaos, the organization stepped up with other federal agencies to secure the nation. Operation Safe Passage was formed requiring an increase in Customs officers at all important ports of entry. This was a daunting time. Agents were working over 18 hours a day. Seven days a week to inspect flights and cargo from ships coming into the United States.   Within days, things intensified with President Bush and Congress creating the Homeland Security office as well as the Homeland Security Act which required provided Border Patrol with more power to enforce customs, immigration and agricultural laws. The changes entailed seizing contraband, greater powers in determining admissibility, apprehending illegal immigrants, and â€Å"protecting our agricultural interests from pests and diseases and collecting duties and fees† (Remembering, 2017).   The Customs and Border Patrol is a multi-facet organization that constantly is on the lookout for child exploitation, goods and drugs smuggling, and the detection and prevention of terrorism. With any one of the millions of visitors coming to the United States each day, it seems like a relentless never-ending task.   Luckily for the citizens of the nation, Border Patrol is equipped with the manpower, technology and undying patriotism of defending the nation and constitution of the United States. Just months after the heinous terror attack, Border Patrol implemented the Container Security Initiative Program which focused on determining the safety of containers from foreign ports before they reached the United States. This was accomplished by sending Agents to host countries and working closely with foreign governments.   This program proved to be so successful that it now is operating at over 80 ports in multiple countries (CSI, 2014).   Ã‚  The Customs and Border Patrol has many hurdles to overcome. They have the unique job of staying vigilant while at the same time, appear welcoming. Challenges   Perhaps one of the biggest hurdles Customs and Border Patrol encounters is enforcing immigration laws, identifying threats and potential terrorists with minimal interruption to economic incentives. According to Stana (2003), â€Å"Achieving the balance between security and commercial needs is greatly affected by commercial and border and immigration control Workload† (p 1).   On any given day Border Patrol must select and examine any shipment deemed high risk; however, at the same time must clear the cargo in an efficient and timely manner. Time is money and when that money equates to trillions of dollars per year, Customs and Border Patrol has a very serious task indeed.  Ã‚   The continuous stress knowing that if they missed one weapon of mass destruction or let one individual who was able to perform grave damage is a realism the agents must face.   The Agents must be aware that their actions can disturb potential investors coming to the United States and affect tourism. They must be able to perform their vital task without disrupting the smooth influx of positive reinforcement to the nations delicate economy.  Ã‚   Arguably Trumps’ Border wall imposes such a restriction. If it is not done correctly, â€Å"it could result in a small investment in terror into massive disruption of daily life that has a clear and adverse effect on the U.S. and overall global economy† (Flynn, 2004). To offset some of these problems, Border Patrol partners with other agencies and private sector entities with the purpose of fortifying international supply chains. The increased trust between agencies also adds to the information sharing and reporting with PCII protections in place for the private sector.   With increased trust, comes increased reward and is the foundation of the Customs-Trade Partnership Against Terrorism (CTPAT) network. As discussed earlier, increased security and detection can slow down the economy. The CTPAT works on trust and strict provisions. Border Patrol enters an agreement with partners of the supply chain ultimately exposing security gaps and allowing for the implementation of corrections.   This program is essential as it significantly reduces the number of Customs and Border Patrol examinations, shortens the waiting times at the port of entry, and a plethora of rewards as being a trusted partner of the Customs and Border Patrol.  Ã‚   With over twenty thousand partners, this program has been an enormous success aiding in the U.S. economy at the same time as keeping the nation safe (CPAT, 2018). Before this program cargo was inspected upon arrival. With the creation of the Department of Homeland Security, Customs and Border Patrol is the lead agency to protect the nation from threats that may come into the ports.   Programs such as the ones mentioned positively affect the economy by streamlining processes.   By being more efficient helps bolster economic needs of the nation; however, there are other ways they help the economy. The U.S. Customs and Border Patrol are constantly on alert for people and goods smuggling. Smuggled goods enter the U.S. with no duties paid which allows for criminals to sell them at a much cheaper price. This lack of regulation leads to the loss of revenue to the government as no tax is paid. Legitimate business struggle to compete with knock off which ultimately leads to job loss.   Items such as medications which have not been FDA approved can be harmful to the population as their ingredients cannot be guaranteed. Smuggling is such a serious problem. In 2014, over 80 % of the 80,000 firearms seized in Mexico were from the United States. Furthermore, billions of dollars are smuggled across the border into Mexico which can depreciate the currency. U.S. Customs and Border Patrol are America’s front line on tackling this issue. Modernization   With the implementation of networks between agencies, and information sharing abilities, the U.S. Border security has become ‘smarter’.   Biometric technology which is comprised of retina and finger print scanners are being utilized at all ports of entry which confirms if an individual is legally allowed to enter the United States, and if they are a known threat.   With such technology in place, combined with increased border agents and drone technology; this all is an effort to divert anyone thinking of committing illegal immigration. Technology such as facial recognition is being introduced in pilot programs to test their effectiveness at ports of entry and even in moving vehicles. Kiosks assigned with passport scanning abilities are being implanted in some airports. When entering the port of entry into the United States, it is not uncommon to see individuals utilizing their smart phones with their electronic passport application opened.   U.S. Customs and Border Patrol also use an application themselves to detect illegal activity and improve the safety of officers (Powerful, 2018).    Conclusion   It can not be overstated the importance of the role the U.S. Customs and Border Patrol plays in the physical and economical safety of the nation. The agency has come along way from its horse patrolling days with only a few men; however, its mission has stayed the same- to protect the United States. When ever Congress deemed it necessary to create a new law, the Customs and Border Patrol were there to implement and regulate them.   The threats in the world do not remain static, the agency knows this and adjusts accordingly. Modernization of techniques and technology have allowed the Customs and Border Patrol to stay vigilant and streamlined.   In 2018 alone, over 32, 000lbs of cocaine has been seized, 290,000lbs of marijuana, 360 gang members apprehended, and 289,000 people have been turned around at the border (CBP, 2018).   Considering that it is only 4 months into 2018, the agency has worked extremely hard this year alone.   As long as America is a prosperous nation it will be targeted by people who are in less fortunate situations. This reason alone is why it is doubtful illegal immigration will cease. The same logic can be applied to smuggling. People will always try to exploit the system. Fortunately for the law-abiding citizens of the country, the U.S. Customs and Border Patrol is there step up to the plate and protect the borders. References About CBP | U.S. Customs and Border Protection. (2018). Cbp.gov. Retrieved 13 April 2018, from https://www.cbp.gov/about Alden, E. (2012). Immigration And Border Control. Cato Journal, 32(1), 107-124. Retrieved from https://search-proquest-com.ezproxy1.apus.edu/docview/921128623?accountid=8289 Amuedo-Dorantes, C., & Lopez, M. J. (2017). The Hidden Educational Costs of Intensified   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Immigration Enforcement. Southern Economic Journal, 84(1), 120-154. doi:10.1002/soej.1220 Border Patrol History | U.S. Customs and Border Protection. (2018). Cbp.gov. Retrieved 14 April 2018, from https://www.cbp.gov/border-security/along-us-borders/history CBP Enforcement Statistics FY2018 | U.S. Customs and Border Protection. (2018). Cbp.gov.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Retrieved 14 April 2018, from https://www.cbp.gov/newsroom/stats/cbp-enforcement-statistics CSI: Container Security Initiative | U.S. Customs and Border Protection. (2014). Cbp.gov.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Retrieved 14 April 2018, from https://www.cbp.gov/border-security/ports-entry/cargo-security/csi/csi-brief CTPAT: Customs Trade Partnership Against Terrorism | U.S. Customs and Border Protection. (2018). Cbp.gov. Retrieved 14 April 2018, from https://www.cbp.gov/border-security/ports-entry/cargo-security/ctpat Flynn. Stephen. E (2004). Rethinking the Role of the U.S. Mexican Border in the Post-9/11 World. (2018). Council on Foreign Relations. Retrieved 13 April 2018, from https://www.cfr.org/report/rethinking-role-us-mexican-border-post-911-world Guerette, R. T., & Clarke, R. V. (2005). Border enforcement, organized crime, and deaths of   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   smuggled migrants on the united states Mexico border. European Journal on Criminal Policy and Research, 11(2), 159-174. doi: http://dx.doi.org.ezproxy1.apus.edu/10.1007/s10609-005-6716-z Hernandez, K. L. (2010). Migra: a history of the u. s. border patrol. Retrieved from   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   https://ebookcentral-proquest-com.ezproxy1.apus.edu Immigration Enforcement Along U.S. Borders and at Ports of Entry: Federal, State, and Local Efforts. (2015). Pewtrusts.org. Retrieved 13 April 2018, from http://www.pewtrusts.org/en/research-and-analysis/issue-briefs/2015/02/immigration-enforcement-along-us-borders-and-at-ports-of-entry Ngai, M.   (2010). The civil rights origins of illegal immigration. International Labor and Working Class History, 78(1), 93-99. doi:http://dx.doi.org.ezproxy2.apus.edu/10.1017/S0147547910000141 Powerful app speeds detection, heightens awareness | U.S. Customs and Border Protection. (2018). Cbp.gov. Retrieved 14 April 2018, from https://www.cbp.gov/newsroom/spotlights/powerful-app-speeds-detection-heightens-awareness Remembering Two 9/11s | U.S. Customs and Border Protection. (2018). Cbp.gov. Retrieved 13    April 2018, from https://www.cbp.gov/about/history/history-leads-to-the-present/remembering-two-911s Stana, Richard (2003). Homeland Security: Challenges Facing the Department of Homeland Gao.gov. Retrieved 13 April 2018, from https://www.gao.gov/products/GAO-03-902T The Cost of Immigration Enforcement and Border Security. (2017). American Immigration Council. Retrieved 13 April 2018, from https://www.americanimmigrationcouncil.org/research/the-cost-of-immigration-  Ã‚  Ã‚   enforcement-and-border-security Timeline | U.S. Customs and Border Protection. (2018). Cbp.gov. Retrieved 13 April 2018, from   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   https://www.cbp.gov/about/history/timeline 1789: First Congress Provides for Customs Administration (2013) Cbp.gov. Retrieved 13 April    2018, from https://www.cbp.gov/about/history/1789-first-congress-provides-customs-  administration

An analysis of Schools of Psychotherapy as they relate to Anger Managem

An analysis of Schools of Psychotherapy as they relate to Anger Management Anger is a basic human emotion that transcends cultural boundaries. However, despite its universality, an exact definition agreed upon by all people is lacking (Norcross & Kobayashi, 1999). Physiologically, brain centers in the amygdala are connected to anger processing. Because the information processing that takes place in this brain structure is primitive, anger can be triggered inappropriately and without the individual's knowledge of the cause. In psychodynamic terms, past events and experiences suppressed in the unconscious can be the source of generated anger. In cognitive-behavioral terms, anger is described as an interaction of behavior, cognition, and physiological arousal (Ambrose & Mayne, 1999). According to Deffenbacher (1999), anger may be aroused by specific external events, a mix of these external events with the anger-related memories they elicit, and internal stimuli such as emotions or thoughts. It results when "events are judged to involve a trespass upon the pers onal domain, an insult to or an assault upon ego identity, a violation of values and expectations, and/or unwarranted interference with goal-directed behavior" (p.297). Two main ways to treat anger involve helping patients to prevent anger activation or helping them to regulate anger manifestation. The former is generally a longer and more difficult approach due to the fact that early emotional behavior patterns are hard to change or eliminate. Therefore, the moderation of anger may prove to be a more effective route of therapy (Ambrose & Mayne, 1999). Many different schools of psychotherapy have addressed the problem of anger. Because of the lack of a universally identic... ...al Psychology, 55(3), 275-282. Messer, S.B. (2001). What Makes Brief Psychodynamic Therapy Time Efficient. Clinical Psychology: Science and Practice, 8, 5-22. McGinn, L.K., & Sanderson, W.C. (2001). What Allows Cognitive Behavioral Therapy to be Brief: Overview, Efficacy, and Crucial Factors Facilitating Brief Treatment. Clinical Psychology: Science and Practice, 8, 23-37. Paivio, S.C. (1999). Experiential Conceptualization and Treatment of Anger. Clinical Psychology, 55(3), 311-324. Phares, E.J., & Trull, T.J. (2001). Clinical Psychology. California: Wadsworth. Van Deurzen, E. (2000). Humanistic-existential approaches. In C.Feltham & I. Horton (Eds.), Handbook of Counselling and Psychotherapy (pp.331-336). London: SAGE Publications.Ambrose, T.K., & Mayne, T.J. (1999). Research Review on Anger in Psychotherapy. Clinical Psychology, 55(3), 353-363.

Database Environment Paper Essay

After 45 minutes of walking through the cummers museum and realizing that Jacksonville is home to four beautiful museums. These museums will not only captivate you but also tell you a story in history. By understanding this I walk through the commer museum in amazement but being from a IT background my mind soon begin to wonder how do they keep track all of these beautiful works of art. I mean there’s things that have to be taken into consideration. In example who is the artist, the location where the art is display, can it be or is it on loan, the year the artist created the artwork. After thinking about this for a few minutes a database popped in to my mind. A database management system can easily do all of these things and more. A museum can choose a variety of databases to complete this task but just for explanation purposes we’re going to use Microsoft access to help us understand how a database can complete the task of tracking the artwork and giving us an accurat e account and location. Let’s keep in mind while we are designing and building the database three words; real, conceptual, and representations if we keep these three keywords at the forefront of our design we will design a usable and efficient database. Simply put the design of a database is to define the structure of data that can be queried and give out meaningful information to the end-user. And will design database also allows for easy maintenance and upkeep. With over 5000 works of arts in the cummers museum there’s a lot of data that has to be enter into access on the front and ongoing in order for the museum to be able to used the software. But in order to do this we must first understand how the data or where the data is entered in Microsoft access. Data is stored in what is called a tables, each table consists of data about a specific subject in example; painters name, date art was created, location ,Address, zip code,  city. By putting data in a table that is specific it allows for changing of data in specific table and it will automatically populating throughout the whole database. This also allows for different types of queriers making the database efficient. Let also look at what is a query. A query is a search by the end users which displays usable information. A query can sometimes and most time often will also display subsets of data as well. The subsets of the table is referred to as A field or as an attribute. To understand this a little better you can think about the squares in Microsoft excel those squares are fields and/or attributes is a place with database tables used to store one piece of given data. When entering data into a table or A field is called an entry. An entry is data that needs to be tracked. Now the question how can all of this information help the museum track there artwork. When billing the initial database you can one can use the artwork name as the interest in the fields or attributes can be the artist name the date the artist created the piece of artwork artwork that exactly where the artwork is located inside the singing is the artwork being load out or is it all from another museum what does the museum that peace of artwork. After entering all of the fields and tables we can then run a ERD report to help us see how the database is coming along by doing so were able to see from it overview what tables relate to what and in sure that all of the tables that need to t alk to each other are doing so. It is easy to see if you museum created a database as explained above that you can effortlessly track each keys of work. References What is a Database. (2011). Retrieved from http://databases.about.com/od/specificproducts/a/whatisadatabase.htm What Is Database Architecture. (2003-2014). Retrieved from http://degreedirectory.org/articles/What_is_Database_Architecture.html Coronel, C., Morris, S., & Rob, P. (2013 ). Database Systems (10th ed.). : Cengage Learning