Hamlets Oedipus Complex Essays - 1190 Words

Various works of literature contain characters who embody the elements of the classic Oedipus Complex, that of a son with an undue and unhealthy attachment to his mother. D.H Lawrenceamp;#8217;s Sons and Lovers, along with other early modernist works, shows how a sonamp;#8217;s bond to his mother can lead to that characteramp;#8217;s major downfall. Even earlier than works of the late 19th Century does the Oedipus Complex appear, in this case, William Shakespeareamp;#8217;s Hamlet. Shakespeareamp;#8217;s play about the Prince of Denmark shows the beginning of an Oedipal Complex, with Hamletamp;#8217;s jealousy of his uncle Claudius for marrying his mother Gertrude and the rage that Hamletamp;#8217;s emulation causes.†¦show more content†¦He furthers his reasoning behind the marriage causing the depression, claiming that the union can do no good amp;#8220;But break [his] heart; (1.2.159). nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;Hamletamp;#8217;s explains his rage in the first act of the play, but it is not until scene 4 of the third act that we see the full view of his Oedipus Complex. Here, Gertrude is joined by Hamlet in a bedroom moments after Polonius, the Queenamp;#8217;s counselor, advises her to warn Hamlet that amp;#8220;his pranks have been too broad to bear with; (3.4.2). Hamlet, upon killing Polonius, compares his amp;#8220;bloody; act to that of amp;#8220;kill[ing] a king, and marry[ing] with his brother,; blatantly expressing his mortification and disapproval with Gertrudeamp;#8217;s marriage to Claudius(3.4.29). He then begins to berate his mother, but with many sexual references: nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;amp;#8220;That blurs the grace and blush of modesty, nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;Calls virtue hypocrite, takes off the rose nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;From the fair forehead of an innocent love nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;And sets a blister there, makes marriage vowsShow MoreRelatedEssay on Hamlet and the Oedipus Complex1319 Words   |  6 Pages When examining Hamlet through the lens of the Oedipus complex, it is critical to first define and thoroughly explain the Oedipus complex, then to apply it to Hamlets relationships, before a final conclusion is reached. The Complexities of the Complex Before one can understand the Oedipus complex, one must understand Sigmund Freuds theory on infantile sexuality. The Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy points out that the roots of Freuds theory can be foundRead MoreHamlet and the Oedipus Complex1537 Words   |  7 PagesWilliam Shakespeare’s Hamlet is a play about indecision, apprehension, and inner turmoil. Hamlet, the main protagonist, struggles within himself, attempting to muster the courage to avenge his father’s death by the hand of the current King, Claudius, who is also his late father’s brother. There seem to be many possible reasons for Hamlet’s delay in doing so. However, the one theory that answers all the questions is that Hamlet was possessed by his own Oedipus Complex , that is, he was deeply in loveRead MoreOedipus Complex in Hamlet Essay805 Words   |  4 PagesOedipus Complex in Hamlet In Shakespeare’s Hamlet, Hamlet’s personality can be explained by the Oedipus Complex. Throughout the play there are many times where he proves that he has Oedipus Complex. Oedipus Complex was not around at the time that that Hamlet was written. It just shows that Shakespeare saw the same personality complex’ as Freud. Freud first named the Oedipus Complex Theory in his book , An Interpretation of Dreams, in 1899. Freud states The child takes both of its parents,Read More Hamlet and the Oedipus Complex Essay1229 Words   |  5 PagesHamlet and the Oedipus Complex  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚   William Shakespeares play Hamlet contains very similar elements to Sophocles Greek Myth, Oedipus Rex. In the late 1800s through early 1900s, a Doctor based out of Vienna, named Sigmund Freud, developed a theory based on the events of the play Oedipus Rex, which has since been coined the Oedipus Complex.   Ernest Jones also applied his knowledge of Freudian psychology and wrote a persuasive paper suggesting that Hamlet cannot kill his uncle Claudius becauseRead More Hamlet and the Oedipus Complex Essay1218 Words   |  5 PagesHamlet and the Oedipus Complex Hamlet is the typical kind of son almost every father and mother would want: intelligent, loving, caring, strong and loyal. Yet, some scholars believe that he is just another emotional character, defying our eyes to think that his acts are innocent, when his real purpose is to take his mother for himself. This gives scholars, like Ernest Jones, the impression that Hamlet’s actions were encouraged by an Oedipus complex, characterized by feelings of intenseRead MoreOedipus-Complex In Shakespeares Hamlet1962 Words   |  8 Pagespsychoanalyst, Sigmund Freud, coined the term Oedipus-complex in 1910 when explaining a child’s psychological desire for his opposite-sex parent. Coupled with this desire is a bitter sense of rivalry with the parent of the same sex, as the child feels envious and compelled to win the affection of the coveted parent (Freud 19). Shakespeare’s Hamlet, although written prior to the development of this theory, is often referenced as a pr ime example of this complex. Hamlet famously descends into madness in an effortRead MoreOedipus Complex, Penis Envy, And The Tragedy Of Hamlet2112 Words   |  9 PagesAlthough it may be a difficult idea to grasp, Shakespeare employed some of Sigmund Freud’s concepts long before Freud himself was even a figment of his ancestor’s imagination. Many scholars discuss Shakespeare’s use of the Oedipus complex, penis envy, and many of Sigmund Freud’s other famous concepts and while a proxy family may not be a Freudian concept specifically, it certainly enables them. Many of Shakespeare’s works include a main character who has a strained relationship with their parentRead More No Oedipal Complex Found in Hamlet Essay1150 Words   |  5 Pages No Oedipal Complex Found in Hamlet nbsp; Some scholars have interpreted Hamlets actions throughout Hamlet to be the Oedipus complex.nbsp; According to the story of Oedipus, Laius, his father, learned from an oracle that Oedipus would kill him.nbsp; Laius then left his son to die on a mountain, where he was found and raised by the King of Corinth.nbsp; Oedipus was also told that he would someday kill his own father, and fled Corinth because he believed that the King of Corinth was his realRead More Sigmund Freuds Oedipus Complex Essay1355 Words   |  6 PagesOedipus Complex It is the fate of all of us, perhaps, to direct our first sexual impulse towards our mother and our first hatred and our first murderous wish against our father. - Sigmund Freud(Clark, 122) The Oedipus conflict or complex is a concept developed by Sigmund Freud to explain the origin of certain psychological disorders in childhood. It is defined as a childs unconscious desire for the exclusive love of the parent of the opposite sex. This desire includes jealousy toward the parentRead MoreHamlet As A Jealous Of Claudius1417 Words   |  6 PagesOn William Shakespeare’s Hamlet, after the assassination of his father, Hamlet thinks he is living in a world full of corruption and deceit, where everything is falling apart and everyone is against him. An imminent, exaggerated, and passionate love for his mother is his main feature. Although others argue that Hamlet’s obsession to murder Claudius is strictly to claim revenge for his father’s death, it is Hamlet’s obsessive desire to possess his mother in an unhealthy and, perhaps incestuous,

Computers And The Internet s Effect On Society - 1565 Words

Computers and the internet have opened another way for fraud to take place and many organizations are vulnerable to hacking and fraud. There are many forms of fraud techniques people may use against a target and there are government agencies which will provide awareness for those techniques. Cyber terrorism is another threats to society in the damage it can cause organization which could overall affect a society. When a computer crime is committed, there are steps which are taken to preserve evidence which allow it to be used in court cases against people using electronic fraud. When it comes to civil law, there are different processes that must be taken when it comes to resolving cases against computer crime offenders. There are many†¦show more content†¦People get a lot of these types of messages in their email inbox, most of the time if the spam filter is on high, the messages will go into a junk folder and should be ignored. There many types of investment fraud offers wh ich may include lottery scam, have to send in some money in order to get the lottery money supposedly won. Some emails may claim to be a work from home and you have to pay into it to get more information, but it turns out to be a scam and the person loses the money. Another email may claim to be a new business or an opportunity to invest in something to get a large return later. Once the person sends in their money, they never hear back from the investment. There are many forms of investment frauds and people should not trust emails they get when it comes to easy paydays. There are government agencies which provide information on different fraud techniques such as the FBI. The FBI has a page on common fraud schemes including internet fraud, how to avoid fraud from fraud, and how to report it. There is a link on the FBI website for reporting E-Scams and allows people to file a complaint or for the person to go to the local FBI to file a complaint. The Federal Trade Commission is anot her agency that provides information to spot and avoid fraud and can also be contacted. There are manyShow MoreRelatedComputer Technology and the Effects on Society1564 Words   |  7 PagesComputer Technology and the Effects on S Computer Technology and the Effect on Society Computer technology has had a great effect on society as a whole throughout history. It has modified our behavior greatly as we have become accustomed to the technological advancements of yesterday. We are so dependent sometimes we do not even have a concept of what life would be like without computers. When we are forced to live life without computers we are left hopeless and disillusioned and simple everydayRead MoreWhere Wizards Stay Up Late1529 Words   |  7 PagesLate In Where Wizards Stay up Late, the Origins of the Internet, Katie Hafner and Matthew Lyon explore the beginnings of the Internet. The authors show us how it was a computer-engineering firm that produced the original prototypes for Arpanet, and how several very intelligent men made the Internet possible. The book is excellent in that it brings to the limelight many important people that played an important role in devising the Internet. In other words, therefore, this book is a history as wellRead MoreWhere Wizards Stay Up Late1492 Words   |  6 PagesLate, the Origins of the Internet. Katie Hafner and Matthew Lyon walk us through the beginnings of the Internet. The authors will talk about how a computer-engineering firm produced the first prototypes of the Arpanet, and how a group of men made the Internet as we know it today. It tells the intriguing story of how the technology for the Internet was devised. In many respects, it is very much a behind-the-scenes kind of documentary. When thinking about the Internet, one always appears to assumeRead MoreThe Effects Of Internet On Today s Youth1701 Words   |  7 Pagespart on today and future societies no other influence has been bigger than the Internet. The Internet, a mechanism for information dissemination and a place for interaction between individuals and their computers without regard for geographic location, has opened and closed doors to opportunity. Some consider the Internet to be the greatest innovation of our generation, some not so much. The best way to analyze the effects the Internet has had, is to look at the effects it has had on different aspectsRead MoreHow Computers Changed The Way We Work1059 Words   |  5 PagesThe word ‘computer’ is well-defined as someone or something who calculates. A computer is an overall purpose device that has industrialized a lot over the years. From the ENIAC to the flat screen laptop, it is remarkable to see how computers have advanced. We went fro m having a computer that occupied a huge room with what we have in the office and at home today – a miniature, efficient version of the first computer. Computer technology continues to progress and will continue to do so for ages toRead MoreComputer Effects on the Academic Performance of Students - Review of Related Literature1010 Words   |  5 Pagesâ€Å"Effects of computer usage to the academic performance of students† Chapter II REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE The scope of Computer effects derives a wide scope of related literature that is worth mentioning. In this regard, this literature review concerning the effects of computer usage to the academic performance of students, will address the following areas relevant to this study: History of the Computer; Importance of Computers, Negative Effects of Gaming; Computer Crime; Computer UseRead MoreUsing Computer in Researching Makes the Students Lazy1171 Words   |  5 PagesIntroduction Since the invention of computer and other technologies, lives of many people especially the students had the major impact. Computer made it easier for students to study. Internet is one of the major innovations in the computer system, and it is widely used all over the world. An information service like one of the uses of the internet is very dependable nowadays. On of the things it serves are the search engines. Search engines are like building a digital library for the future. ItRead MoreThe Negative Effect of the Internet on Children776 Words   |  3 PagesIt is researched that the internet has both negative and positive effect on children. According to the kaver S, Robert E, Patricia M, Galerie J and Colette B on internet and children, the use of computer is more of disadvantage than advantage. It is of good benefit for children to know how to use the computer for educational purposes, which may include surfing educational articles and school homework. The effect of children not having access to home computer can vary depending on the personalityRead MoreCritically Discuss The Proposition That Ours Is An Information Age 1060 Words   |  5 PagesRevolution. The third is the information revolution that brought  the earth-shaking changes  to our society and give  a  gorgeous brushstroke  to  people s  colorful  life. In mid-15th century, people did not have access to mobile phone and internet, they  can only  write letter  to  transmit  their  miss (Toulet, 1995). With the development of technology and the appearance of internet,  one of  th e  20th  century s greatest  scientific  and  technological  inventions,   we are in  the  information  age and the  knowledge  is  changingRead MoreThe Teen Sleep Loss Epidemic : What Can Be Done? Essay806 Words   |  4 Pageselectronic devices and their effects on a person’s ability to sleep. Johnson, G. M. (2010). Internet Use and Child Development: Validation of the Ecological Tech-no Subsystem. Educational Technology Society, 13(1), 176-185. doi:10.1.1.183.5345 This scholarly article features the relevance of technology when factoring into the cogni-tive development of someone during childhood. With more and more children having ac-cess to devices that connect them to the Internet, adults continue to worry about

Cyber Hub Social Restaurant Customer Loyalty

Question: Discuss about the Cyber Hub Social Restaurant Customer Loyalty. Answer: Introduction This study has aimed to understand the concept of applied business research. In this concept, this study has considered the importance of customer loyalty of a restaurant. This study has tried to highlight the customer loyalty of Cyber Hub Social Restaurant, which is situated at Gurgaon, India. In this connection, the necessity of brand loyalty is required to understand, as customer loyalty of a restaurant is maintained by the quality of the service that is the brand loyalty of the restaurant. In this regard, this section has focused to the problems, which may reflect the sales of the service of the restaurant. The restaurant aimed to be brand loyal from the point of their consumers. Moreover, this specific type of business strategy has some opportunities, which also have discussed in this study. These opportunities will significantly enhance the business. On the other hand, in this study, the scope of the business has been mentioned. According to Bayraktar et al. (2012), customer loyalty can be described as the positive and direct approach for a brand or for a service, which is necessary to maintain a long term relationship with the restaurant. Customer loyalty makes a positive impact on the purchasing behaviour of the buyers. On the other hand, more precisely it can be mentioned that customer loyalty of a restaurant refers the positive and emotional behaviour of the buyers, which is positively depending upon the brand valuation of a good or service. Therefore, it can be mentioned that the restaurant owners require to serve good quality of foods to the loyal customers, so that they will looking for to take the products of the restaurant. In the words Chen (2012), to understand the essence of the study, it is necessary to identify the opportunities and difficulties of customer loyalty strategy. As per the case study, the Cyber Hub Social restaurant has also aimed to maintain the long term relationship with its customers, which would in turn increase the profitability of the business. It is helpful to maintain a good position in the market or in the similar industry. In this context, it can be mentioned that greater quality of branding increases the valuation of the products of the Cyber Hub Social restaurant. In this connection, Coelho Henseler (2012) mentioned that consumers are concerned in case of the purchasing of the foods. On the other hand, it can be stated that if Cyber Hub Social restaurant has provided lower quality foods, then the customers will be reluctant to take the service of the restaurant and will not maintain a long term relationship with the consumers. Nevertheless, Wang Wu (2012) argued that sometimes the consumers are deceived by the service of the restaurant. In this purpose, it can be mentioned that sometimes the restaurant authority charged higher price of the foods in the name of brand valuation. The buyers do not have clear idea regarding the price of the products. In addition, other problem related with this brand valuation can be discussed as the consumers do not want to purchase the foods or products from the competitors of Cyber Hub Social restaurant. They are seemed to be biased in order to take the service from the definite restaurant. In this context, Shanka (2012) mentioned that in this case, the customer loyalty will be hampered. In addition, in case of customer loyalty strategy, there are also having some opportunities and difficulties. In this type of strategy, one business make its services different from its competitors. Consumers will be helpful in order to recognise the brand of the restaurant. However, Evanschitzky et al. (2012) criticised that as the personal information of the consumers are kept by the third party of the organisations, it may be harmful for the service takers. Literature review Figure 1: Approach of Customer loyalty (Source: Prentice, 2013) As per the statement of customer loyalty can be achieved with the help of the following approaches. Moreover, it can be stated that with the reduction of the relationship costs and the maximisation of the relationship revenue can increase the customer loyalty with a business. The steps are discussed briefly in the following: Relationship marketing and the customer loyalty: In the words of Shanka (2012), relationship marketing positively influences the customer loyalty. As per the philosophies of relationship marketing, it is depend upon the communication between the organisation and the consumers. In addition, it can be stated that relationship marketing refers that it increase the formation of the profitability of a business. This in turn enhances the profitable consumers as well as improves the loyalty by planning. Moreover, customer loyalty helps to enhance the valued relationship as well as purchasing of product in the future. Relationship marketing and consumer satisfaction: In the words of Wang Wu (2012), relationship marketing is based upon the planning and the managing of the satisfaction of the consumers along with the development of the stable relationship. Consumer satisfaction level is depending upon the differentiation between the expected delivered and the actual delivered value of the business of the organisation. In this purpose, it can be mentioned that consumers satisfaction level is based upon the expectation of the consumers and the on the actual prediction of the regarding the products and the performance of the service. Therefore, it can be stated that if the prediction and the performance is equivalent then the consumers are highly satisfied whereas the prediction and the actual performance differ, then the satisfaction level of the customers are going down. Relationship marketing and consumer trust: According to Wah Yap, Ramayah Nushazelin Wan Shahidan (2012), customer loyalty and the development of relationship marketing is based upon the trust. Trust can improve the confidence of the business. In addition, the relevancy and the integrity in case of delivery of final goods and services can be increased. Therefore, the concept of trust can be related with the customers honesty, which in turn is depending upon the greater quality of goods and services, which is offered by the business. This will in turn helpful to maintain a long term relationship with the organisation. As a result, Shanka (2012) mentioned that the market share of the business will be significantly increased. Relationship between the consumer satisfaction level, consumer trust and the consumer loyalty: Seto-Pamies (2012) mentioned that consumer satisfaction level is beneficial to determine whether the consumers will switch to the other company or willing to take the service of other organisations. Consumer loyalty and their ability will be able to estimate the actual satisfaction of the consumers. Therefore, it can be stated that consumer service is the major ingredient in order to develop the relationship marketing (Pan, Sheng Xie, 2012). Consumers in the successful relationship are important for the building of consumer loyalty. As a result, it can be concluded that consumer satisfaction level and the customer loyalty are highly correlated. Relationship between the consumer satisfaction and the customer loyalty: As per the statement of Prentice (2013), greater relationship of customers trust is highly favourable to develop the greater valuation of the business. In this connection, it can be stated that based on the brand valuation of an organisation, the level of the customer satisfaction will be improved. This in turn influences to develop the customer loyalty for the services of the company. In the words of Mazodier Merunka (2012), customer loyalty is considered by the marketers or by the organisers. This study has tried to highlight the key determinants, which can effectively reflect the customer loyalty program. Figure 2: Key factors of customer loyalty approach (Source: Pan, Sheng Xie, 2012) As per the concept of core offering, it can be stated that customer loyalty will be developed based on the core valuation of the marketers to their consumers. Core valuation is depending upon some several factors. These factors are the location and the premises, service of a business. Romaniuk Nenycz-Thiel (2013) mentioned that three Ls of retail is the most important concept to build the customer loyalty. These three L are location, location and location. In addition, selling of the products is the key factor of customer loyalty. On the contrary, Severi Ling (2013) criticised that some customers purchase the products depending upon the lower price of the products; they are not looking for the quality or brand of the items. Moreover, the products or the services are helpful to evaluate or identify the customers requirement. As a result, the marketers can aim to the willingness and the consumers will be ready to buy it. This in turn improves the customer loyalty of the particular co nsumer. This will effectively enhance the satisfaction level of the consumers. Therefore, Tanford, Raab Kim (2012) mentioned that there is a direct relationship between the satisfaction level of the buyers and the core offerings. Another important factor is elasticity level, which can positively reflect the customer loyalty. Elasticity level is important in order to identify the necessity of the purchasing behaviour of the consumers. According to Tanford, Raab Kim (2012), the marketplace is an important determinant in order to develop the consumer loyalty. In this respect, it can be mentioned that opportunity to switch and inertia loyalty are the important concepts, which are required to understand. With the help of the concept of opportunity to switch, the marketers can identify whether the consumers will maintain a long term relationship with the organisation or not can be determined. Moreover, Bayraktar et al. (2012) added that in a perfectly competitive market, when all the organisations set equivalent price of the products, then the consumers will choose the products based on the quality of the products. Customer loyalty also depends upon the demographics. In the words of Haghighi et al., (2012), it can be stated that the satisfaction level of a customer is depend upon the customer loyalty for a particular product. With the help of the Kano model, the types of the consumers requirement can be identified. Figure 3: Kano model (Source: Guillen et al., 2012) As per the Kano model, the company require to aim to the packaging of the delivered products. In this purpose, it can be stated that consumers are not satisfied with the bad packaging of the products. In addition, after the packaging of the products, the consumers focus to the price of the products. Lower price of a product is highly acceptable to the consumers. The consumers are willing to get greater quality of products from the business. From the above figure it can be observed that the satisfaction level of the consumers can be divided into four quadrants. The owner of the company is looking for the improvement in the performance, which will in turn increase the customer satisfaction level. Figure 4: Cyclical way to achieve the customer loyalty (Source: Baumann, Elliott Burton, 2012) In order to develop the customer loyalty program, the organisation requires to provide training to the workers. This will make the workers eligible to understand the importance of a business. This will effectively enhance the performance of a business. As a result, the consumers can highly satisfy with the service of the employees. Moreover, it can be mentioned that consumer satisfaction level is positively correlated with the customer loyalty. With the help of the improvement in the customer loyalty program, the overall sales of the company will be increased. The company will earn higher profitability. In this respect, this study has developed two important research questions, which will be helpful in order to take decision regarding the necessity of customer loyalty strategy. The questions are: How customer loyalty is helpful to make a business? How customer satisfaction reflects the customer loyalty approach? Conclusion Based on the literature review, this section is helpful to determine whether customer loyalty is important of making a business successful. After the analysis, it can be observed that brand loyalty, customer satisfaction level and customer loyalty is positively related with each other. With the maintenance of brand or the quality of the foods, the consumers will want to maintain a long term relationship with the restaurant and also want to purchase the foods of the organisation. Therefore, this will enhance the customer loyalty. As a result, it can be concluded that the business will be successful. References Baumann, C., Elliott, G., Burton, S. (2012). Modeling customer satisfaction and loyalty: survey data versus data mining.Journal of services marketing,26(3), 148-157. Bayraktar, E., Tatoglu, E., Turkyilmaz, A., Delen, D., Zaim, S. (2012). Measuring the efficiency of customer satisfaction and loyalty for mobile phone brands with DEA.Expert Systems with Applications,39(1), 99-106. Chen, S. C. (2012). The customer satisfactionloyalty relation in an interactive e-service setting: The mediators.Journal of Retailing and Consumer Services,19(2), 202-210. Coelho, P. S., Henseler, J. (2012). Creating customer loyalty through service customization.European Journal of Marketing,46(3/4), 331-356. Evanschitzky, H., Ramaseshan, B., Woisetschlger, D. M., Richelsen, V., Blut, M., Backhaus, C. (2012). Consequences of customer loyalty to the loyalty program and to the company.Journal of the Academy of Marketing Science,40(5), 625-638. Guillen, M., Nielsen, J. P., Scheike, T. H., Prez-Marn, A. M. (2012). Time-varying effects in the analysis of customer loyalty: A case study in insurance.Expert Systems with Applications,39(3), 3551-3558. Haghighi, M., Dorosti, A., Rahnama, A., Hoseinpour, A. (2012). Evaluation of factors affecting customer loyalty in the restaurant industry.African Journal of Business Management,6(14), 5039. Martnez, P., del Bosque, I. R. (2013). CSR and customer loyalty: The roles of trust, customer identification with the company and satisfaction.International Journal of Hospitality Management,35, 89-99. NCR, D., City, D., Cyber Hub, D. (2016).Cyber Hub Social - Delhi NCR.Zomato. Retrieved 24 September 2016, from https://www.zomato.com/CyberHubSocial Pan, Y., Sheng, S., Xie, F. T. (2012). Antecedents of customer loyalty: An empirical synthesis and reexamination.Journal of Retailing and Consumer Services,19(1), 150-158. Prentice, C. (2013). Service quality perceptions and customer loyalty in casinos.International Journal of Contemporary Hospitality Management,25(1), 49-64. Seto-Pamies, D. (2012). Customer loyalty to service providers: examining the role of service quality, customer satisfaction and trust.Total Quality Management Business Excellence,23(11-12), 1257-1271. Shanka, M. S. (2012). Bank service quality, customer satisfaction and loyalty in Ethiopian banking sector.Journal of Business Administration and Management Sciences Research,1(1), 001-009. Tanford, S., Raab, C., Kim, Y. S. (2012). Determinants of customer loyalty and purchasing behavior for full-service and limited-service hotels.International Journal of Hospitality Management,31(2), 319-328. Wah Yap, B., Ramayah, T., Nushazelin Wan Shahidan, W. (2012). Satisfaction and trust on customer loyalty: a PLS approach.Business Strategy Series,13(4), 154-167. Wang, C. Y., Wu, L. W. (2012). Customer loyalty and the role of relationship length.Managing Service Quality: An International Journal,22(1), 58-74.

46. Antibiotics Essay Example For Students

46. Antibiotics Essay Antibiotics are chemical compounds used to kill or inhibit the growth of infectious organisms. Originally the term antibiotic referred only to organic compounds, produced by bacteria or molds, that are toxic to other microorganisms. The term is now used loosely to include synthetic and semisynthetic organic compounds. Antibiotic refers generally to antibacterials; however, because the term is loosely defined, it is preferable to specify compounds as being antimalarials, antivirals, or antiprotozoals. All antibiotics share the property of selective toxicity: They are more toxic to an invading organism than they are to an animal or human host. Penicillin is the most well-known antibiotic and has been used to fight many infectious diseases, including syphilis, gonorrhea, tetanus, and scarlet fever. Another antibiotic, streptomycin, has been used to combat tuberculosis. Antibiotics can be classified in several ways. The most common method classifies them according to their action against the infecting organism. Some antibiotics attack the cell wall; some disrupt the cell membrane; and the majority inhibit the synthesis of nucleic acids and proteins, the polymers that make up the bacterial cell. Another method classifies antibiotics according to which bacterial strains they affect: staphylococcus, streptococcus, or Escherichia coli, for example. Antibiotics are also classified on the basis of chemical structure, as penicillins, cephalosporins, aminoglycosides, tetracyclines, macrolides, or sulfonamides, among others. Most antibiotics act by selectively interfering with the synthesis of one of the large-molecule constituents of the cell?the cell wall or proteins or nucleic acids. Some, however, act by disrupting the cell membrane . Some important and clinically useful drugs interfere with the synthesis of peptidoglycan, the most important component of the cell wall. These drugs include the B-lactam antibiotics, which are classified according to chemical structure into penicillins, cephalosporins, and carbapenems. All these antibiotics contain a B-lactam ring as a critical part of their chemical structure, and they inhibit synthesis of peptidoglycan, an essential part of the cell wall. They do not interfere with the synthesis of other intracellular components. The continuing buildup of materials inside the cell exerts ever greater pressure on the membrane, which is no longer properly supported by peptidoglycan. The membrane gives way, the cell contents leak out, and the bacterium dies. These antibi otics do not affect human cells because human cells do not have cell walls. Many antibiotics operate by inhibiting the synthesis of various intracellular bacterial molecules, including DNA, RNA, ribosomes, and proteins. The synthetic sulfonamides are among the antibiotics that indirectly interfere with nucleic acid synthesis. Nucleic-acid synthesis can also be stopped by antibiotics that inhibit the enzymes that assemble these polymers?for example, DNA polymerase or RNA polymerase. Examples of such antibiotics are actinomycin, rifamicin, and rifampicin, the last two being particularly valuable in the treatment of tuberculosis. The quinolone antibiotics inhibit synthesis of an enzyme responsible for the coiling and uncoiling of the chromosome, a process necessary for DNA replication and for transcription to messenger RNA. Some antibacterials affect the assembly of messenger RNA, thus causing its genetic message to be garbled. When these faulty messages are translated, the protein products are nonfunctional. There are also other mechanisms: The tetracyclines c ompete with incoming transfer-RNA molecules; the aminoglycosides cause the genetic message to be misread and a defective protein to be produced; chloramphenicol prevents the linking of amino acids to the growing protein; and puromycin causes the protein chain to terminate prematurely, releasing an incomplete protein.